本文详细介绍了Python中os和shutil模块的功能和用法，包括路径操作、文件和目录管理、文件复制与移动等常见任务。适用于希望深入了解这两个模块以提高文件处理效率的开发者。
#os 模块
os.sep 可以取代操作系统特定的路径分隔符。windows下为 '\\'
os.name 字符串指示你正在使用的平台。比如对于Windows，它是'nt'，而对于Linux/Unix用户，它是 'posix'
os.getcwd() 函数得到当前工作目录，即当前Python脚本工作的目录路径
os.getenv() 获取一个环境变量，如果没有返回none
os.putenv(key, value) 设置一个环境变量值
os.listdir(path) 返回指定目录下的所有文件和目录名
os.remove(path) 函数用来删除一个文件
os.system(command) 函数用来运行shell命令
os.linesep 字符串给出当前平台使用的行终止符。例如，Windows使用 '\r\n'，Linux使用 '\n' 而Mac使用 '\r'
os.path.split(path) 函数返回一个路径的目录名和文件名
os.path.isfile() 和os.path.isdir()函数分别检验给出的路径是一个文件还是目录
os.path.exists() 函数用来检验给出的路径是否真地存在
os.curdir 返回当前目录 ('.')
os.mkdir(path) 创建一个目录
os.makedirs(path) 递归的创建目录
os.chdir(dirname) 改变工作目录到dirname
os.path.getsize(name) 获得文件大小，如果name是目录返回0L
os.path.abspath(name) 获得绝对路径
os.path.normpath(path) 规范path字符串形式
os.path.splitext() 分离文件名与扩展名
os.path.join(path,name) 连接目录与文件名或目录
os.path.basename(path) 返回文件名
os.path.dirname(path) 返回文件路径
os.walk(top,topdown=True,onerror=None) 遍历迭代目录
os.rename(src, dst) 重命名file或者directory src到dst 如果dst是一个存在的directory, 将抛出OSError. 在Unix, 如果dst在存且是一个file, 如果用户有权限的话，它将被安静的替换. 操作将会失败在某些Unix 中如果src和dst在不同的文件系统中. 如果成功, 这命名操作将会是一个原子操作 (这是POSIX 需要). 在 Windows上, 如果dst已经存在, 将抛出OSError，即使它是一个文件. 在unix，Windows中有效。
os.renames(old, new) 递归重命名文件夹或者文件。像rename()
# shutil 模块
shutil.copyfile( src, dst) 从源src复制到dst中去。当然前提是目标地址是具备可写权限。抛出的异常信息为IOException. 如果当前的dst已存在的话就会被覆盖掉
shutil.move( src, dst) 移动文件或重命名
shutil.copymode( src, dst) 只是会复制其权限其他的东西是不会被复制的
shutil.copystat( src, dst) 复制权限、最后访问时间、最后修改时间
shutil.copy( src, dst) 复制一个文件到一个文件或一个目录
shutil.copy2( src, dst) 在copy上的基础上再复制文件最后访问时间与修改时间也复制过来了，类似于cp –p的东西
shutil.copy2( src, dst) 如果两个位置的文件系统是一样的话相当于是rename操作，只是改名；如果是不在相同的文件系统的话就是做move操作
shutil.copytree( olddir, newdir, True/Flase)
把olddir拷贝一份newdir，如果第3个参数是True，则复制目录时将保持文件夹下的符号连接，如果第3个参数是False，则将在复制的目录下生成物理副本来替代符号连接
shutil.rmtree( src ) 递归删除一个目录以及目录内的所有内容shutil - Utility functions for copying and archiving files and directory trees.
FILE
/usr/lib/python2.7/shutil.py
MODULE DOCS
http://docs.python.org/library/shutil
DESCRIPTION
XXX The functions here don't copy the resource fork or other metadata on Mac.
CLASSES
exceptions.EnvironmentError(exceptions.StandardError)
Error
ExecError
SpecialFileError
class Error(exceptions.EnvironmentError)
| Method resolution order:
| Error
| exceptions.EnvironmentError
| exceptions.StandardError
| exceptions.Exception
| exceptions.BaseException
| __builtin__.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| __init__(...)
| x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature
|
| __reduce__(...)
|
| __str__(...)
| x.__str__() <==> str(x)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
| errno
| exception errno
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>
| T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:
|
| __delattr__(...)
| x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name
|
| __getattribute__(...)
| x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name
|
| __getitem__(...)
| x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
|
| __getslice__(...)
| x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
|
| Use of negative indices is not supported.
|
| __repr__(...)
| x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)
|
| __setattr__(...)
| x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __unicode__(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:
|
| __dict__
|
| args
|
| message
class ExecError(exceptions.EnvironmentError)
| Raised when a command could not be executed
|
| Method resolution order:
| ExecError
| exceptions.EnvironmentError
| exceptions.StandardError
| exceptions.Exception
| exceptions.BaseException
| __builtin__.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| __init__(...)
| x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature
|
| __reduce__(...)
|
| __str__(...)
| x.__str__() <==> str(x)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| errno
| exception errno
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>
| T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:
|
| __delattr__(...)
| x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name
|
| __getattribute__(...)
| x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name
|
| __getitem__(...)
| x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
|
| __getslice__(...)
| x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
|
| Use of negative indices is not supported.
|
| __repr__(...)
| x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)
|
| __setattr__(...)
| x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __unicode__(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:
|
| __dict__
|
| args
|
| message
class SpecialFileError(exceptions.EnvironmentError)
| Raised when trying to do a kind of operation (e.g. copying) which is
| not supported on a special file (e.g. a named pipe)
|
| Method resolution order:
| SpecialFileError
| exceptions.EnvironmentError
| exceptions.StandardError
| exceptions.Exception
| exceptions.BaseException
| __builtin__.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| __init__(...)
| x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature
|
| __reduce__(...)
|
| __str__(...)
| x.__str__() <==> str(x)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| errno
| exception errno
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:
|
| __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>
| T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:
|
| __delattr__(...)
| x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name
|
| __getattribute__(...)
| x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name
|
| __getitem__(...)
| x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
|
| __getslice__(...)
| x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
|
| Use of negative indices is not supported.
|
| __repr__(...)
| x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)
|
| __setattr__(...)
| x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __unicode__(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:
|
| __dict__
|
| args
|
| message
FUNCTIONS
copy(src, dst)
Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
The destination may be a directory.
copyfile(src, dst)
Copy data from src to dst
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16384)
copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst
copymode(src, dst)
Copy mode bits from src to dst
copystat(src, dst)
Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst
copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().
The destination directory must not already exist.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
links are copied.
The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
`src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
not be copied.
XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.
get_archive_formats()
Returns a list of supported formats for archiving and unarchiving.
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description)
ignore_patterns(*patterns)
Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
that are used to exclude files
make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None)
Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
or "gztar".
'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file.
'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
uses the current owner and group.
move(src, dst)
Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command.
If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
exist.
If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
the issues this implementation glosses over.
register_archive_format(name, function, extra_args=None, description='')
Registers an archive format.
name is the name of the format. function is the callable that will be
used to create archives. If provided, extra_args is a sequence of
(name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
by the get_archive_formats() function.
rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)
Recursively delete a directory tree.
If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors
is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
unregister_archive_format(name)
DATA
__all__ = ['copyfileobj', 'copyfile', 'copymode', 'copystat', 'copy', ...
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