Security of Azure SQL Database

本文介绍了 Azure SQL 数据库的安全配置方法,包括防火墙设置、仅支持 SQL Server 身份验证、SSL 通信验证及连接字符串加密等内容。通过详细步骤说明如何确保与 Azure SQL 的安全通信,并提供证书管理和加密解密的实用代码。

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1.     Sql database firewall

a.      Allowed IPs

b.     Allow from all Azure services

2.     Only support sql server credential, not WindowsAuthentication

3.     Validate in SSL communication

a.      All communication with Azure SQL are based onSSL, but certificate validation is needed to avoid man-in-middle attack

b.     Achieved by:

 i.     To validate certificates with ADO.NETapplication code, set Encrypt=True and TrustServerCertificate=False in thedatabase connection string.

 ii.     To validate certificates via SQL ServerManagement Studio, open the Connect to Server dialog box. Click Encrypt connectionon the Connection Properties tab.

4.     Encrypt connection string in configure file

a.      Automatic conf in ASP.NET by using Pkcs12CertProtectedConfiguratoinProvider.dll(only automatic choice in Azure)

b.     Using PKCS classes:

Generate keys:

VSTool> makecert -r -pe -n "CN=AlbertkoCert4"-sky exchange "AlbertkoCert4.cer" -sv "AlbertkoCert4.pvk"

VSTool>pvk2pfx -pvk AlbertkoCert4.pvk -spc AlbertkoCert4.cer-pfx AlbertkoCer4.pfx-po passxxrd

(password is explicitly needed when pvk2pfx)

Install pubic key in client to encrypt (by mmc->File->snap-ins->certificates->Local Computer to install in StoreName.My,StoreLocation.LocalMachine (btw, use certmgr.msc to manage certificates in StoreLocation.User)) and pfx in Azure to decrypt.

All in one: http://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/2951.windows-azure-sql-database-connection-security.aspx

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff394108.aspx

Securing your Azure SQL:

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlazure/archive/2010/09/07/10058942.aspx

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlazure/archive/2010/09/08/10059359.aspx

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlazure/archive/2010/09/09/10059889.aspx

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlazure/archive/2010/09/10/10060395.aspx

PKCS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS

Basic knowledge of X509certificate: http://www.cnblogs.com/chnking/archive/2007/09/02/879218.html

System.Security.Cryptography.Pkcs:

http://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/ie/ms180945

http://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/ie/ms180951

http://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/ie/ms180950

 

 

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

using System.Security.Cryptography.Pkcs;

usingSystem.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;

 

namespace SecurityToolLib

{

    public staticclassSecurityTool

    {

        public staticX509Certificate2 LoadCertificate(StoreName storeName,StoreLocationstoreLocation,string thumbPrint)

       {

           var certStore = newX509Store(storeName, storeLocation);

           try

           {

               certStore.Open(OpenFlags.ReadOnly |OpenFlags.OpenExistingOnly);

               var certificateCollection =certStore.Certificates.Find(X509FindType.FindByThumbprint,thumbPrint,false);

               if (certificateCollection.Count == 0)

               {

                    thrownewInvalidOperationException(string.Format("Certificatewith thumbprint {0} cannot be loaded.", thumbPrint));

               }

               return certificateCollection[0];

           }

           finally

           {

               certStore.Close();

           }

       }

 

        public staticX509Certificate2 LoadCertificate(string thumbPrint)

        {

           return LoadCertificate(StoreName.My,StoreLocation.LocalMachine,thumbPrint);

       }

 

        public staticstring EncryptWithCertificate(string clearText,X509Certificate2certificate)

       {

           //ValidationHelper.CheckArgumentNull(clearText,"clearText");

           //ValidationHelper.CheckArgumentNull(certificate,"certificate");

 

           byte[] clearBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(clearText);

           var contentInfo = new ContentInfo(clearBytes);

           var envelopedCms = new EnvelopedCms(contentInfo);

           var recipient = newCmsRecipient(certificate);

           envelopedCms.Encrypt(recipient);

           byte[] encryptedBytes =envelopedCms.Encode();

           return Convert.ToBase64String(encryptedBytes);

       }

 

        public staticstring EncryptWithCertificate(string clearText,stringthumbPrint)

       {

           return EncryptWithCertificate(clearText,LoadCertificate(thumbPrint));

       }

 

        public staticstring DecryptWithCertificate(string base64EncryptedString,X509Certificate2certificate)

       {

           //ValidationHelper.CheckArgumentNull(base64EncryptedString,"base64EncryptedString");

           //ValidationHelper.CheckArgumentNull(certificate,"certificate");

 

           byte[] encryptedBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(base64EncryptedString);

           var envelopedCms = new EnvelopedCms();

           envelopedCms.Decode(encryptedBytes);

           envelopedCms.Decrypt(new X509Certificate2Collection(certificate));

           byte[] clearBytes =envelopedCms.ContentInfo.Content;

           return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(clearBytes);

       }

 

        public staticstring DecryptWithCertificate(string base64EncryptedString,stringthumbPrint)

       {

           returnDecryptWithCertificate(base64EncryptedString, LoadCertificate(thumbPrint));

       }

    }

}

 

 

 

 

<think>嗯,用户要求了解Microsoft Dynamics 365和Azure SQL常见的数据库问题或配置。我需要结合Dynamics 365与Azure SQL集成的典型场景来组织信息。 首先考虑连接配置这个基础环节。Dynamics 365通过Linked Server或Azure Data Factory连接Azure SQL时,防火墙规则和身份验证方式是最常见的绊脚石。特别是当使用Azure Active Directory集成认证时,服务主体的权限配置容易出错,这点需要强调。 数据同步方面的问题通常更复杂。增量同步策略的设计很关键,尤其是变更数据捕获(CDC)的启用和轮询频率设置。用户可能遇到同步延迟或数据冲突,这涉及到事务隔离级别的调整和冲突解决机制的配置。 性能优化这块要分两层说。Azure SQL本身的性能调优包括内存优化表和列存储索引的应用,而Dynamics 365端则需要关注FetchXML查询效率。有意思的是两者之间的交互——比如批量操作时如何合理设置批处理大小来平衡吞吐量与锁竞争。 安全配置容易被低估。除了基本的TLS加密,行级安全性(RLS)在多租户场景特别重要。但要注意Dynamics 365的插件若涉及跨实体查询,可能会和RLS策略产生意料之外的交互。 维护任务自动化是运维重点。用户常忽略日志清理策略,导致事务日志不断增长。这里可以关联Azure Automation的解决方案,特别是如何协调Dynamics 365的批量删除作业与SQL索引维护的时序问题。 故障排查部分应该突出典型错误代码。比如链接服务器查询超时(错误732)往往意味着需要调整分布式查询参数,而SSIS包执行失败(错误代码-1071636471)可能指向身份认证问题。这些具体代码比笼统的描述更有用。 最后考虑知识延伸点。PolyBase的应用是个有趣方向——虽然传统认知里它用于数据仓库场景,但在整合Dynamics 365和Azure SQL数据湖时能简化ELT流程。不过要提醒用户注意数据类型映射的陷阱。 生成问题时侧重可操作性:连接测试的具体方法、索引优化的评估指标、安全审计的实现路径等。这些问题应该能帮助用户从理论转向实践。</think>以下是Microsoft Dynamics 365与Azure SQL数据库集成中的常见配置问题和解决方案: --- ### 一、连接配置问题 1. **身份验证失败** - **原因**:Dynamics 365使用服务主体(Service Principal)或托管身份(Managed Identity)连接Azure SQL时权限不足 - **解决**: ```sql CREATE USER [<D365-App-Name>] FROM EXTERNAL PROVIDER; ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER [<D365-App-Name>]; ALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER [<D365-App-Name>]; ``` > 需在Azure SQL中配置Azure AD管理员并启用AAD身份认证[^1] 2. **防火墙拦截** - 将Dynamics 365的IP范围(如地域性出站IP)加入Azure SQL防火墙白名单 - 启用 **"允许Azure服务和资源访问此服务器"** 选项 --- ### 二、数据同步问题 1. **增量同步延迟** - **优化方案**: - 在Azure SQL中启用变更跟踪(Change Tracking): ```sql ALTER DATABASE [YourDB] SET CHANGE_TRACKING = ON; ALTER TABLE [dbo].[TargetTable] ENABLE CHANGE_TRACKING; ``` - 使用Azure Data Factory的 *Mapping Data Flow* 配置CDC管道 2. **数据类型映射错误** - 常见冲突: | Dynamics 365类型 | Azure SQL推荐类型 | |------------------|-------------------| | 多行文本 | NVARCHAR(MAX) | | 选项集 | INT | | 货币 | DECIMAL(19,4) | --- ### 三、性能优化配置 1. **查询性能下降** - **解决方案**: - 为频繁筛选字段添加索引(如`createdon`字段) ```sql CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_CreatedON ON [dbo].[D365_Entity] (createdon DESC); ``` - 启用列存储索引加速分析查询 - 避免在D365插件中执行复杂SQL查询(改用批量操作API) 2. **连接池耗尽** - 在连接字符串中添加参数: ``` Pooling=true; Max Pool Size=100; Connection Timeout=30; ``` - 监控指标:`sys.dm_exec_connections`中的会话数 --- ### 四、安全合规配置 1. **静态数据加密** - 启用Azure SQL的透明数据加密(TDE) ```sql ALTER DATABASE [YourDB] SET ENCRYPTION ON; ``` - 使用Azure Key Vault管理加密密钥 2. **行级安全(RLS)** ```sql CREATE SECURITY POLICY D365_Filter ADD FILTER PREDICATE dbo.fn_securitypredicate(organization_id) ON dbo.SalesData WITH (STATE = ON); ``` > 根据`organizationid`自动隔离不同客户的数据[^1] --- ### 五、维护与监控 1. **自动索引优化** ```sql ALTER DATABASE [YourDB] SET AUTOMATIC_TUNING (FORCE_LAST_GOOD_PLAN = ON); ``` 2. **监控警报配置** - 关键指标警报: - DTU利用率 > 80% - 死锁数 > 5/分钟 - 存储空间使用率 > 85% --- ### 典型错误代码排查 | 错误代码 | 原因 | 解决方案 | |----------|-----------------------|------------------------------| | 40515 | 防火墙阻挡 | 添加出站IP到白名单 | | 18456 | 登录失败 | 检查服务主体权限 | | 1205 | 死锁 | 优化事务隔离级别(改用READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT) | | 10928 | 资源池耗尽 | 增加DTU层级或优化查询 | ---
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