本文深入探讨了gnucoreutils集合中各种强大且常用的shell、文件和文本处理工具，包括cat、tac、nl、od、base64等，并详细介绍了其功能和用途。同时，提供了在Ubuntu 9.10中安装并查询核心实用程序版本号的方法。
周海汉 /文
gnu coreutils 是原来的gnu shellutils, fileutils, textutils三部分合成的。里面有许多很强大的shell，文件和文本处理工具。如sort, seq, split,uniq,cut,md5sum,wc等
gnu coreutils的手册英文版放在：http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/，可以text,html,pdf等各种格式。
查询我utuntu 9.10安装的coreutils版本号是： 7.4-2：
下面是gnu coreutils工具简介：
3 Output of entire files
3.1 `cat': Concatenate and write files
3.2 `tac': Concatenate and write files in reverse
3.3 `nl': Number lines and write files
3.4 `od': Write files in octal or other formats
3.5 `base64': Transform data into printable data
4 Formatting file contents
4.1 `fmt': Reformat paragraph text
4.2 `pr': Paginate or columnate files for printing
4.3 `fold': Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
5 Output of parts of files
5.1 `head': Output the first part of files
5.2 `tail': Output the last part of files
5.3 `split': Split a file into fixed-size pieces
5.4 `csplit': Split a file into context-determined pieces
6 Summarizing files
6.1 `wc': Print newline, word, and byte counts
6.2 `sum': Print checksum and block counts
6.3 `cksum': Print CRC checksum and byte counts
6.4 `md5sum': Print or check MD5 digests
6.5 `sha1sum': Print or check SHA-1 digests
6.6 sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests
7 Operating on sorted files
7.1 `sort': Sort text files
7.2 `shuf': Shuffling text
7.3 `uniq': Uniquify files
7.4 `comm': Compare two sorted files line by line
7.5 `ptx': Produce permuted indexes
7.5.1 General options
7.5.2 Charset selection
7.5.3 Word selection and input processing
7.5.4 Output formatting
7.5.5 The GNU extensions to `ptx'
7.6 `tsort': Topological sort
7.6.1 `tsort': Background
8 Operating on fields
8.1 `cut': Print selected parts of lines
8.2 `paste': Merge lines of files
8.3 `join': Join lines on a common field
9 Operating on characters
9.1 `tr': Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
9.1.1 Specifying sets of characters
9.1.2 Translating
9.1.3 Squeezing repeats and deleting
9.2 `expand': Convert tabs to spaces
9.3 `unexpand': Convert spaces to tabs
10 Directory listing
10.1 `ls': List directory contents
10.1.1 Which files are listed
10.1.2 What information is listed
10.1.3 Sorting the output
10.1.4 Details about version sort
10.1.5 General output formatting
10.1.6 Formatting file timestamps
10.1.7 Formatting the file names
10.2 `dir': Briefly list directory contents
10.3 `vdir': Verbosely list directory contents
10.4 `dircolors': Color setup for `ls'
11 Basic operations
11.1 `cp': Copy files and directories
11.2 `dd': Convert and copy a file
11.3 `install': Copy files and set attributes
11.4 `mv': Move (rename) files
11.5 `rm': Remove files or directories
11.6 `shred': Remove files more securely
12 Special file types
12.1 `link': Make a hard link via the link syscall
12.2 `ln': Make links between files
12.3 `mkdir': Make directories
12.4 `mkfifo': Make FIFOs (named pipes)
12.5 `mknod': Make block or character special files
12.6 `readlink': Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
12.7 `rmdir': Remove empty directories
12.8 `unlink': Remove files via the unlink syscall
13 Changing file attributes
13.1 `chown': Change file owner and group
13.2 `chgrp': Change group ownership
13.3 `chmod': Change access permissions
13.4 `touch': Change file timestamps
14 Disk usage
14.1 `df': Report file system disk space usage
14.2 `du': Estimate file space usage
14.3 `stat': Report file or file system status
14.4 `sync': Synchronize data on disk with memory
14.5 `truncate': Shrink or extend the size of a file
15 Printing text
15.1 `echo': Print a line of text
15.2 `printf': Format and print data
15.3 `yes': Print a string until interrupted
16 Conditions
16.1 `false': Do nothing, unsuccessfully
16.2 `true': Do nothing, successfully
16.3 `test': Check file types and compare values
16.3.1 File type tests
16.3.2 Access permission tests
16.3.3 File characteristic tests
16.3.4 String tests
16.3.5 Numeric tests
16.3.6 Connectives for `test'
16.4 `expr': Evaluate expressions
16.4.1 String expressions
16.4.2 Numeric expressions
16.4.3 Relations for `expr'
16.4.4 Examples of using `expr'
17 Redirection
17.1 `tee': Redirect output to multiple files or processes
18 File name manipulation
18.1 `basename': Strip directory and suffix from a file name
18.2 `dirname': Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
18.3 `pathchk': Check file name validity and portability
18.4 `mktemp': Create temporary file or directory
19 Working context
19.1 `pwd': Print working directory
19.2 `stty': Print or change terminal characteristics
19.2.1 Control settings
19.2.2 Input settings
19.2.3 Output settings
19.2.4 Local settings
19.2.5 Combination settings
19.2.6 Special characters
19.2.7 Special settings
19.3 `printenv': Print all or some environment variables
19.4 `tty': Print file name of terminal on standard input
20 User information
20.1 `id': Print user identity
20.2 `logname': Print current login name
20.3 `whoami': Print effective user ID
20.4 `groups': Print group names a user is in
20.5 `users': Print login names of users currently logged in
20.6 `who': Print who is currently logged in
21 System context
21.1 `date': Print or set system date and time
21.1.1 Time conversion specifiers
21.1.2 Date conversion specifiers
21.1.3 Literal conversion specifiers
21.1.4 Padding and other flags
21.1.5 Setting the time
21.1.6 Options for `date'
21.1.7 Examples of `date'
21.2 `arch': Print machine hardware name
21.3 `nproc': Print the number of available processors
21.4 `uname': Print system information
21.5 `hostname': Print or set system name
21.6 `hostid': Print numeric host identifier
21.7 `uptime': Print system uptime and load
22 SELinux context
22.1 `chcon': Change SELinux context of file
22.2 `runcon': Run a command in specified SELinux context
23 Modified command invocation
23.1 `chroot': Run a command with a different root directory
23.2 `env': Run a command in a modified environment
23.3 `nice': Run a command with modified niceness
23.4 `nohup': Run a command immune to hangups
23.5 `stdbuf': Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
23.6 `su': Run a command with substitute user and group ID
23.6.1 Why GNU `su' does not support the `wheel' group
23.7 `timeout': Run a command with a time limit
24 Process control
24.1 `kill': Send a signal to processes
25 Delaying
25.1 `sleep': Delay for a specified time
26 Numeric operations
26.1 `factor': Print prime factors
26.2 `seq': Print numeric sequences
27 File permissions
27.1 Structure of File Mode Bits
27.2 Symbolic Modes
27.2.1 Setting Permissions
27.2.2 Copying Existing Permissions
27.2.3 Changing Special Mode Bits
27.2.4 Conditional Executability
27.2.5 Making Multiple Changes
27.2.6 The Umask and Protection
27.3 Numeric Modes
27.4 Directories and the Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID Bits
28 Date input formats
28.1 General date syntax
28.2 Calendar date items
28.3 Time of day items
28.4 Time zone items
28.5 Day of week items
28.6 Relative items in date strings
28.7 Pure numbers in date strings
28.8 Seconds since the Epoch
28.9 Specifying time zone rules
28.10 Authors of `get_date'
29 Opening the Software Toolbox
Toolbox Introduction
I/O Redirection
The `who' Command
The `cut' Command
The `sort' Command
The `uniq' Command
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