一步步搭建springCloud项目(eureka+swagger+jpa+feign)

初始化数据库表

1、在mysql中创建test数据库并建立user表,以下是数据库脚本

create database test;
use test;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `username` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `password` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `nick_name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `sex` int(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `register_date` datetime NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=11 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

springcloud项目搭建–构建父工程(1)

1、创建一个maven父工程clouddemo 作为基础工程只保留pom.xml文件(注意packaging一定要选择pom)

  File-->new-->projetc-->maven project

在这里插入图片描述

2、配置 pom.xml

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
	<artifactId>clouddemo</artifactId>
	<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	<packaging>pom</packaging>
	<description>my first springcloud project</description>
  
  
	<properties>
		<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
		<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
		<java.version>1.8</java.version>
	</properties>
	<!-- 继承1.5.9RELEASE版本的boot -->
	<parent>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
		<version>1.5.9.RELEASE</version>
		<relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
	</parent>
	<dependencyManagement>
		<!-- SpringCloud依赖,一定要放到dependencyManagement中,起到管理版本的作用即可 -->
		<dependencies>
			<dependency>
				<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
				<version>Edgware.SR3</version>
				<type>pom</type>
				<scope>import</scope>
			</dependency>
		</dependencies>
	</dependencyManagement>

	<!-- 子工程将继承以下依赖 -->
	<dependencies>
		<!-- web -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 热部署 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
			<scope>runtime</scope>
			<optional>true</optional>
		</dependency>
		<!-- lombok -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
			<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
			<optional>true</optional>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</project>

(springboot与springcloud版本对应关系可参考 https://www.cnblogs.com/zhuwenjoyce/p/10261079.html>)

springcloud项目搭建–整合Eureka (2)

1、新建clouddemo-eureka子模块

右击clouddemo工程–>new -->project–>Maven Module

1.1、配置pom.xml文件

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<parent>
		<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
		<artifactId>clouddemo</artifactId>
		<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	</parent>
	<artifactId>clouddemo-eureka</artifactId>
	<packaging>jar</packaging>
	<dependencies>
	<!-- eureka-server 服务端-->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka-server</artifactId>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</project>

1.2、创建ClouddemoEurekaApplication启动类

package com.zdb;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer // 开启Eureka服务
public class ClouddemoEurekaApplication {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(ClouddemoEurekaApplication.class, args);
	}
}

1.3、编写配置文件application.yml

spring:
  profiles:
    active: dev

1.4、编写配置文件application-dev.yml

server:
  port: 10010 # 端口
spring:
  application:
    name: clouddemo-eureka-server # 应用名称,会在Eureka中显示
eureka:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: false # 是否注册自己的信息到EurekaServer,默认是true
    fetch-registry: false # 是否拉取其它服务的信息,默认是true
    service-url: # EurekaServer的地址,现在是自己的地址,如果是集群,需要加上其它Server的地址。
      defaultZone: http://127.0.0.1:${server.port}/eureka
#安全停止服务
endpoints:
  shutdown:
    enabled: true
    sensitive: false

1.5、测试 http://localhost:10010/ 暂无任何服务注册

在这里插入图片描述

2、创建clouddemo-cli子模块注册到eureka服务

右击clouddemo工程–>new -->project–>Maven Module

2.1、pom.xml配置

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<parent>
		<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
		<artifactId>clouddemo</artifactId>
		<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	</parent>
	<artifactId>clouddemo-cli</artifactId>
	<description>clouddemo-client</description>
	<dependencies>
	    <!-- Eureka客户端 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
			<version>1.3.2</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>mysql</groupId>
			<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
			<version>5.1.20</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>tk.mybatis</groupId>
			<artifactId>mapper-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
			<version>2.0.2</version>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 这里先添加feign的依赖,为整合feign做准备 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</project>

2.2、新建启动类ClouddemoCliApplication

package com.zdb;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient // 注册到eureka服务
public class ClouddemoCliApplication {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(ClouddemoCliApplication.class, args);
	}
}

2.3、控制器类 HelloApi

package com.zdb.api;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("hello")
public class HelloApi {
	@GetMapping("index")
	public Object index() {
		return "clouddemo-cli";
	}

}

2.4、配置文件application.yml

spring:
  profiles:
    active: dev

2.5、配置文件application-dev.yml

server:
  port: 10011

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8
    username: root
    password: 123456
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
  application:
    name: clouddemo-cli
    
eureka:
  client:
    service-url: # EurekaServer地址
      defaultZone: http://127.0.0.1:10010/eureka
  instance:
    prefer-ip-address: true # 当调用getHostname获取实例的hostname时,返回ip而不是host名称
    ip-address: 127.0.0.1 # 指定自己的ip信息,不指定的话会自己寻找

2.6、配置文件application-prod.yml

server:
  port: 10011

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8
    username: root
    password: 123456
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
  application:
    name: clouddemo-cli
    
eureka:
  client:
    service-url: # EurekaServer地址
      defaultZone: http://127.0.0.1:10010/eureka
  instance:
    prefer-ip-address: true # 当调用getHostname获取实例的hostname时,返回ip而不是host名称
    ip-address: 127.0.0.1 # 指定自己的ip信息,不指定的话会自己寻找

3、运行ClouddemoCliApplication,浏览器访问 http://localhost:10011/hello/index

在这里插入图片描述

4、刷新 http://localhost:10010/, 服务clouddemo-cli成功注册

在这里插入图片描述

springcloud项目搭建–整合swagger(3)

1、在父工程clouddemo的pom.xml中添加添加swagger2相关依赖

<!-- swagger2 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
			<artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
			<version>2.5.0</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
			<artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
			<version>2.5.0</version>
		</dependency>

完整pom

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
	<artifactId>clouddemo</artifactId>
	<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	<packaging>pom</packaging>
	<description>my first springcloud project</description>
	<modules>
		<module>clouddemo-cli</module>
	</modules>

	<properties>
		<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
		<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
		<java.version>1.8</java.version>
	</properties>
	<!-- 继承1.5.9RELEASE版本的boot -->
	<parent>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
		<version>1.5.9.RELEASE</version>
		<relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
	</parent>
	<dependencyManagement>
		<!-- SpringCloud依赖,一定要放到dependencyManagement中,起到管理版本的作用即可 -->
		<dependencies>
			<dependency>
				<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
				<version>Edgware.SR3</version>
				<type>pom</type>
				<scope>import</scope>
			</dependency>
		</dependencies>
	</dependencyManagement>

	<!-- 子工程将继承以下依赖 -->
	<dependencies>
		<!-- web -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 热部署 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
			<scope>runtime</scope>
			<optional>true</optional>
		</dependency>
		<!-- lombok -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
			<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
			<optional>true</optional>
		</dependency>
		<!-- swagger2 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
			<artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
			<version>2.5.0</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
			<artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
			<version>2.5.0</version>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>


	<build>
		<plugins>
			<!-- springboot打包相关插件 -->
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
</project>

2、在子模块clouddemo-cli中新建配置类SwaggerConfig

package com.zdb.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

import springfox.documentation.builders.ApiInfoBuilder;
import springfox.documentation.builders.PathSelectors;
import springfox.documentation.builders.RequestHandlerSelectors;
import springfox.documentation.service.ApiInfo;
import springfox.documentation.spi.DocumentationType;
import springfox.documentation.spring.web.plugins.Docket;
import springfox.documentation.swagger2.annotations.EnableSwagger2;

@Configuration
@EnableSwagger2
public class SwaggerConfig {
	@Bean
	public Docket createRestApi() {
		return new Docket(DocumentationType.SWAGGER_2).apiInfo(apiInfo())
				.select().apis(RequestHandlerSelectors.basePackage("com")) // 扫描com包
				.paths(PathSelectors.any()).build();
	}

	private ApiInfo apiInfo() {
		return new ApiInfoBuilder().title("ZDB API Doc")
				.description("This is a restful api document of Zdb.")
				.version("1.0").build();
	}
}

3、修改子模块clouddemo-cli的HelloApi

package com.zdb.api;

import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiImplicitParam;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiImplicitParams;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("hello")
@Api(tags = "Hello模块")
public class HelloApi {
	@GetMapping("index")
	@ApiOperation(value = "swagger测试")
	@ApiImplicitParams({ @ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "query", name = "name", dataType = "String", required = false, value = "测试参数", defaultValue = "swwager") })
	public Object index(String name) {
		return "clouddemo-cli  " + name;
	}

}

4、浏览器访问 http://localhost:10010/swagger-ui.html

在这里插入图片描述

测试结果

在这里插入图片描述

springcloud项目搭建–整合JPA(3)

1、新建子工程 clouddemo-bean为整合jpa做准备

1.1、引入jpa相关依赖

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<parent>
		<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
		<artifactId>clouddemo</artifactId>
		<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	</parent>
	<artifactId>clouddemo-bean</artifactId>
	<dependencies>
		<!-- jpa-->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</project>

1.2、创建User.java

package com.zdb.bean;

import java.util.Date;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

import lombok.Data;

import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;

@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "user")
public class User {
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
	private Integer id;
	private String username;
	private String password;
	private int sex;
	@Column(name = "nick_name")
	private String nickName;
	@Column(name = "register_date")
	private Date registerDate;

}

2、新建子工程 clouddemo-jpa

2.1、pom.xml文件配置

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<parent>
		<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
		<artifactId>clouddemo</artifactId>
		<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
		<relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath>
	</parent>
	<artifactId>clouddemo-jpa</artifactId>
	<packaging>jar</packaging>
	<dependencies>
	<!-- 引入clouddemo-bean 子模块-->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
			<artifactId>clouddemo-bean</artifactId>
			<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>mysql</groupId>
			<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
			<version>5.1.20</version>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</project>

2.2、创建ClouddemoJpaApplication启动类

package com.zdb;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient // 注册到eureka服务
public class ClouddemoJpaApplication {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(ClouddemoJpaApplication.class, args);
	}
}

2.3、新建UserRepository接口

package com.zdb.repository;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

import com.zdb.bean.User;

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{

}

2.4、 新建UserApi控制器类

package com.zdb.api;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import com.zdb.bean.User;
import com.zdb.repository.UserRepository;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("user")
public class UserApi {
	@Autowired
	private UserRepository userRepository;

	@GetMapping("fingUserById/{id}")
	public User fingUserById(@PathVariable Integer id) {
		return userRepository.findOne(id);
	}

}

2.5、配置application.yml文件

spring:
  profiles:
    active: dev

2.6、配置application-dev.yml文件

server:
  port: 10012
spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8
    username: root
    password: 123456
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
  application:
    name: clouddemo-jpa-a   
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: update
      naming:
        physical-strategy: org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl
    show-sql: true
    properties:
      hibernate:
        format_sql: true
eureka:
  client:
    service-url: # EurekaServer地址
      defaultZone: http://127.0.0.1:10010/eureka
  instance:
    prefer-ip-address: true # 当调用getHostname获取实例的hostname时,返回ip而不是host名称
    ip-address: 127.0.0.1 # 指定自己的ip信息,不指定的话会自己寻找
  main:
    allow-bean-definition-overriding: true #当遇到同样名字的时候,是否允许覆盖注册

3、浏览器访问 http://localhost:10012/user/fingUserById/1

在这里插入图片描述

springcloud项目搭建–整合feign(4)

4.1、在子模块clouddemo-cli引入clouddemo-bean与feign相关依赖

<dependency>
  <groupId>com.zdb</groupId>
  <artifactId>clouddemo-bean</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>

4.2、在子模块clouddemo-cli中新建FeignClients接口

package com.zdb.feign;

import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;

import com.zdb.bean.User;


@FeignClient("clouddemo-jpa-a")
public interface FeignClients {
	
	@GetMapping("user/fingUserById/{id}")
	public User findUserByid(@PathVariable("id") Integer id);
}

4.3、修改子模块clouddemo-cli的启动类

package com.zdb;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.EnableFeignClients;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient // 注册到eureka服务
@EnableFeignClients // 注册为feign客户端
public class ClouddemoCliApplication {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(ClouddemoCliApplication.class, args);
	}
}

4.4、新建UserAip、UserService、FeignClients

package com.zdb.api;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.sym.Name;
import com.zdb.bean.User;
import com.zdb.service.UserService;

import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiImplicitParam;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiImplicitParams;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;

@Api(value = "用户模块", tags = "用户模块")
@RestController
@RequestMapping("user")
public class UserApi {
	@Autowired
	private UserService UserService;

	@GetMapping("/findUserById/{id}")
	@ApiOperation("查询用户")
	public User findUserById(@PathVariable Integer id) {
		return UserService.findOneUser(id);
	}

}


package com.zdb.service;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.zdb.bean.User;
import com.zdb.feign.FeignClients;
@Service
public class UserService {
	@Autowired
	private FeignClients feignClients;

	public User findOneUser(Integer id) {
		return feignClients.findUserByid(id);

	}
}


package com.zdb.feign;

import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;

import com.zdb.bean.User;


@FeignClient("clouddemo-jpa-a")
public interface FeignClients {
	
	@GetMapping("user/fingUserById/{id}")
	public User findUserByid(@PathVariable("id") Integer id);
}

5、swageer测试,也可以直接浏览器访问 http://localhost:10011/user/findUserById/1

在这里插入图片描述

源码地址: https://gitee.com/zcat1024/clouddemo.git
欢迎start。

找呀找呀找工作,微服务啊微服务。

<think>好的,我现在需要帮助用户了解如何使用Spring Boot编写一个微服务项目。首先,我应该回忆一下Spring Boot的基本概念和微服务架构的特点。微服务通常指的是将一个大型应用拆分成多个独立的小服务,每个服务运行在自己的进程中,通过轻量级机制通信,比如HTTP或者消息队列。Spring Boot作为Java生态中非常流行的框架,提供了快速搭建独立、生产级别的Spring应用的能力,非常适合微服务开发。 接下来,用户可能需要一个具体的步骤指导,所以需要分步骤解释。首先,可能需要介绍开发环境的准备,比如安装JDK、Maven或Gradle,以及IDE如IntelliJ IDEA或Eclipse。然后,创建Spring Boot项目,可以使用Spring Initializr来生成项目骨架。这里需要说明如何选择依赖,比如Spring Web、Spring Cloud相关的组件,比如Eureka用于服务发现,Feign或者OpenFeign用于服务间调用,Hystrix或Resilience4j用于熔断等。 然后,可能需要讲解如何配置服务注册与发现,比如使用Eureka Server和Client的配置。每个微服务需要注册到Eureka Server,这样才能互相发现。接着,需要说明如何实现服务之间的通信,比如使用RestTemplate或者Feign Client,以及如何处理负载均衡,可能涉及Ribbon或者Spring Cloud LoadBalancer。 另外,用户可能关心如何管理配置,这时候需要提到Spring Cloud Config Server,以及如何将配置外部化,存储在Git仓库或者其他地方。还有,微服务中的API网关,比如Spring Cloud Gateway,用于路由请求、认证、限流等功能。 接下来,可能需要提到数据管理,每个微服务有自己的数据库,可以采用不同的数据库技术,这时候需要说明如何配置数据源,使用Spring Data JPA或者MyBatis等持久层框架。同时,分布式事务的问题可能需要简要提及,比如使用Seata或者Saga模式。 安全性也是一个方面,需要介绍如何集成Spring Security或者OAuth2来保护微服务。此外,监控和追踪,比如使用Spring Boot Actuator、Prometheus和Grafana进行监控,使用Sleuth和Zipkin进行分布式追踪。 最后,可能需要给出一个简单的示例,比如创建一个简单的用户服务和订单服务,演示它们如何通过Eureka注册和发现,如何通过Feign进行通信,以及如何通过API网关暴露接口。同时,可以提及如何打包和部署,使用Docker容器化每个微服务,以及使用Docker Compose或者Kubernetes进行编排。 需要确保在回答中提到的所有技术组件都是当前Spring Cloud的推荐选择,比如现在Spring Cloud推荐使用Spring Cloud Netflix的替代方案,如Spring Cloud Gateway代替Zuul,Spring Cloud LoadBalancer代替Ribbon(虽然Ribbon可能还在使用中),以及Resilience4j代替Hystrix。此外,版本兼容性需要注意,比如Spring Boot和Spring Cloud版本的对应关系,避免用户在使用时出现版本冲突的问题。 可能还需要提到一些最佳实践,比如每个微服务的独立数据库,API版本控制,使用Swagger或Spring Doc OpenAPI进行API文档管理,以及持续集成/持续部署(CI/CD)的流程。 在撰写步骤时,应该分点列出,结构清晰,便于用户跟随操作。同时,对于关键配置文件和代码示例,需要用代码块展示,并确保语法正确。例如,展示一个Spring Boot主类添加@EnableEurekaClient注解,或者Feign接口的定义。 可能还需要提醒用户常见的陷阱,比如服务发现配置不正确导致无法注册,依赖缺失导致启动失败,版本冲突问题,以及如何在本地开发环境中测试多个微服务。 总结来说,回答需要覆盖从环境搭建项目创建、服务注册与发现、服务通信、配置管理、API网关、数据管理、安全、监控到部署的整个流程,并给出具体示例和注意事项,确保用户能够逐步构建一个基本的微服务项目。</think>以下是用Spring Boot构建微服务项目的分步指南: --- ### **1. 环境准备** - **JDK 17+**(推荐LTS版本) - **Maven 3.6+** 或 **Gradle 7.x** - **IDE**:IntelliJ IDEA / VS Code - **Spring Initializr**:[https://start.spring.io](https://start.spring.io) --- ### **2. 创建父项目(聚合工程)** ```xml <!-- pom.xml --> <modules> <module>eureka-server</module> <module>user-service</module> <module>order-service</module> <module>api-gateway</module> </modules> <dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId> <version>2023.0.1</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement> ``` --- ### **3. 服务注册与发现(Eureka Server)** ```java // EurekaServerApplication.java @SpringBootApplication @EnableEurekaServer public class EurekaServerApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args); } } ``` ```yaml # application.yml server: port: 8761 eureka: client: register-with-eureka: false fetch-registry: false ``` --- ### **4. 用户服务(User Service)** #### **依赖选择** - Spring Web - Spring Data JPA - Eureka Discovery Client - MySQL Driver #### **注册到Eureka** ```java @SpringBootApplication @EnableEurekaClient public class UserServiceApplication { ... } ``` ```yaml # application.yml spring: datasource: url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/user_db username: root password: 123456 jpa: hibernate.ddl-auto: update eureka: client: service-url: defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ ``` --- ### **5. 服务间通信(OpenFeign)** #### **订单服务调用用户服务** ```java // OrderServiceApplication.java @EnableFeignClients public class OrderServiceApplication { ... } // UserServiceClient.java @FeignClient(name = "USER-SERVICE") public interface UserServiceClient { @GetMapping("/users/{userId}") User getUser(@PathVariable Long userId); } ``` --- ### **6. API网关(Spring Cloud Gateway)** ```yaml # application.yml spring: cloud: gateway: routes: - id: user-service uri: lb://USER-SERVICE predicates: - Path=/api/users/** - id: order-service uri: lb://ORDER-SERVICE predicates: - Path=/api/orders/** ``` --- ### **7. 配置中心(可选)** ```java // ConfigServerApplication.java @SpringBootApplication @EnableConfigServer public class ConfigServerApplication { ... } ``` ```yaml # application.yml spring: cloud: config: server: git: uri: https://github.com/your-repo/config-repo ``` --- ### **8. 熔断与限流(Resilience4j)** ```java // OrderServiceController.java @CircuitBreaker(name = "orderService", fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod") @GetMapping("/orders/{orderId}") public Order getOrder(@PathVariable Long orderId) { ... } ``` --- ### **9. 监控与追踪** - **Spring Boot Actuator**:健康检查 - **Prometheus + Grafana**:指标监控 - **Zipkin**:分布式追踪 --- ### **10. 容器化部署** ```dockerfile # Dockerfile示例 FROM openjdk:17-jdk-slim COPY target/user-service-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar app.jar ENTRYPOINT ["java","-jar","/app.jar"] ``` ```bash # 使用Docker Compose编排 version: '3' services: eureka-server: image: eureka-server:latest ports: - "8761:8761" ``` --- ### **最佳实践** 1. 每个服务独立数据库 2. API版本控制(如`/api/v1/users`) 3. 使用Swagger生成API文档 4. 配置CI/CD流水线 --- ### **常见问题** - **服务无法注册**:检查Eureka地址和依赖`spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client` - **Feign调用失败**:确认服务名称大小写一致 - **跨域问题**:在网关统一配置CORS 通过以上步骤,您可以快速搭建一个具备服务发现、API网关、熔断机制的微服务系统。建议从简单服务开始,逐步添加配置中心、分布式事务等高级功能。
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