1.2 Implementing Move Semantics

本文介绍了C++11中引入的移动语义,包括右值引用的概念及其在vector::push_back函数中的应用。通过对比拷贝构造函数和移动构造函数,展示了如何利用移动语义提高代码效率。

1. Implementing Move Semantics

①C++11 以前的push_back()的实现 只有一种

template<typename T>
class vector 
{
public:
...
// insert a copy of elem:
void push_back (const T& elem);
...
};

也就是说,你只能为该函数传入一个左值

②C++11 之后 有了一个重载版本

template<typename T>
class vector 
{
public:
...
// insert a copy of elem:
void push_back (const T& elem);
// insert elem, when the value of elem is no longer needed:
void push_back (T&& elem);
...
};

&& 我们可以称之为 右值引用

2.区别

①push_back(const T&)
不会修改传入的这个引用,这个函数将会在调用者仍然需要这个实参的时候被调用
②push_back(T&&)
这个会修改传入的引用,没有const 修饰,这个函数将会在调用者不需要这个实参的时候被调用

3. 使用拷贝构造函数

class string 
{
private:
	int len; // current number of characters
	char* data; // dynamic array of characters
public:
	// copy constructor: create a full copy of s:
	string (const string& s) : len{s.len} 
		{
			data = new char[len+1]; // new memory
			memcpy(data, s.data, len+1);
		}
...
};

可以看出,这里是进行了一次深拷贝,分配了新的内存

4.使用移动构造函数

class string {
private:
	int len; // current number of characters
	char* data; // dynamic array of characters
public:
...
	// move constructor: initialize the new string 
	//from s (stealing the value):
string (string&& s): len{s.len},data{s.data}
 {
	 // copy pointer to memory
	s.data = nullptr; // release the memory for the value
	s.len = 0; // and adjust number of characters accordingly
  }
...
};

s.data = nullptr; 将s的字符串移动过来,(偷过来) s.len = 0;
len{s.len},data{s.data}
我们可以这样调用
std::string c = std::move(b);

5.规则

对于不存在移动构造的类来说,我们仍然可以使用coll.push_back(std::move(s));
以为比如一个接口,他对用户是透明的,你并不知道是否有移动构造,OK
那么如果有,就会去调用移动构造,如果没有就去调用拷贝构造

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### C++ Move Semantics Tutorial and Examples In modern C++, move semantics provide a mechanism to transfer resources between objects without copying them. This feature significantly improves performance by avoiding unnecessary deep copies of data structures such as strings, vectors, or custom containers. #### Introduction to Rvalue References Move operations are implemented using rvalue references (`T&&`). An rvalue reference binds only to temporary (rvalues), allowing functions to distinguish whether an object is being used as a source that can be moved from: ```cpp class MyClass { public: // Copy constructor MyClass(const MyClass& other); // Move constructor MyClass(MyClass&& temp) noexcept; }; ``` The `noexcept` specifier indicates the function will not throw exceptions, which helps optimize standard library algorithms assuming safety during moves[^1]. #### Implementing Move Constructor and Assignment Operator To enable moving for user-defined types, one must define both a move constructor and a move assignment operator. These special member functions take advantage of resource transfers efficiently: ```cpp #include <utility> // For std::swap MyClass::MyClass(MyClass&& rhs) noexcept : ptr(rhs.ptr) { rhs.ptr = nullptr; // Transfer ownership safely } MyClass& MyClass::operator=(MyClass&& rhs) noexcept { if(this != &rhs){ delete ptr; // Clean up existing resource first ptr = rhs.ptr; // Steal pointer value rhs.ptr = nullptr; // Alternatively swap could also work here. // std::swap(ptr, rhs.ptr); } return *this; } ``` By setting the original owner's internal state to null after transferring its managed resource, subsequent destruction remains safe while preventing double-free errors[^2]. #### Usage Example with Standard Library Containers Standard libraries like `<vector>` already support efficient element relocation through their own implementations of move constructors/operators. When inserting elements into dynamic arrays or performing reallocations internally, they preferentially apply move rather than copy whenever possible: ```cpp std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> vec; vec.push_back(std::make_unique<int>(42)); // Emplace back directly constructs in place auto anotherVec = std::move(vec); // Transfers entire container contents at once // After this point 'vec' becomes empty but valid ``` This example demonstrates how unique pointers benefit greatly from move semantics since direct assignments would otherwise fail due to non-copyable nature constraints imposed upon smart pointers[^3].
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