相对和绝对路径、cd、rm命令

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原创最新推荐文章于 2026-03-08 00:19:06 发布 1.6k 阅读 AI 写同款· GEO 优化 ›

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相对路径和绝对路径

绝对路径：是从/（也被称为根目录）开始的，比如/usr、/etc/X11。如果一个路径是从/开始的，它一定是绝对路径

[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33

相对路径：相对于当前位置的路径；不是以根目录开头的路径。例如：

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/
[root@localhost etc]# ls sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33

cd命令

cd命令是change directory的缩写，用来改变用户所在的目录

[root@localhost ~]# pwd  //显示用户当前工作目录
/root
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc
[root@localhost etc]#

[root@localhost etc]# cd //如果后面什么都不跟，就会进入当前用户的家目录下面
[root@localhost ~]# pwd
/root
[root@localhost ~]#

cd命令后面只能跟目录名，如果跟文件名会被报错

[root@localhost ~]# cd /tmp/yum.log
-bash: cd: /tmp/yum.log: 不是目录

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local
[root@localhost local]# pwd
/usr/local
[root@localhost local]# cd ..
[root@localhost usr]# pwd
/usr
[root@localhost usr]#

[root@localhost usr]# pwd
/usr
[root@localhost usr]# cd .
[root@localhost usr]# pwd
/usr

[root@localhost usr]# pwd
/usr
[root@localhost usr]# cd ~
[root@localhost ~]# pwd
/root
[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local
[root@localhost local]# cd /usr
[root@localhost usr]# cd -
/usr/local
[root@localhost local]# cd -
/usr
[root@localhost usr]#

mkdir命令

命令mkdir(make directory简写)用于创建目录，格式如下： mkdir [选项] [目录名称]

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/test/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
test  //此处出现了test目录
[root@localhost ~]#

-p能创建一大串级联目录；如果不加-p就会报错；例如： mkdir –p [目录名称]

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/test/1/2/3
mkdir: 无法创建目录"/tmp/test/1/2/3": 没有那个文件或目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /tmp/test/1/2/3
[root@localhost ~]# tree /tmp
/tmp
├── systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
│   └── tmp
│       └── vmware-root
├── systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
│   └── tmp
│       └── vmware-root
├── systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
│   └── tmp
│       └── vmware-root
└── test
    └── 1
        └── 2
            └── 3

25 directories, 0 files
[root@localhost ~]#

如果创建一个已经存在的目录会报错，加上-p后就不会报错

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/test
mkdir: 无法创建目录"/tmp/test": 文件已存在
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /tmp/test
[root@localhost ~]#

rmdir命令

命令rmdir（remove directory简写）用于删除空目录，后面可以是一个目录，也可以是多个目录

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/111
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/222
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp
111
222
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
test
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir /tmp/111 /tmp/222/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
test
[root@localhost ~]#

rmdir只能删除目录，不能删除文件
rmdir和mkdir有共同选项-p，能删除一大窜目录，但是在联级的目录中，如果某一个目录里面还有目录或者文件，这个命令就不好用，会报错
rmdir使用起来有一定的局限性，所以用的很少，可以使用rm来删除目录或者文件。

rm命令

rm [文件名] 删除文件

[root@localhost ~]# cd /tmp/test
[root@localhost test]# touch test.txt
[root@localhost test]# ls
1  test.txt
[root@localhost test]# rm test.txt
rm：是否删除普通空文件 "test.txt"？y
[root@localhost test]# ls
1
[root@localhost test]#

[root@localhost tmp]# ls
1
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
test
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -r 1
rm：是否删除目录 "1"？y
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
test
[root@localhost tmp]#

-f (forces)强制删除，它不会在提示是否删除，而是直接删除。如果后面跟一个不存在的文件或者目录，它也不会报错
如果要删除目录，必须要加上-r，不然就算加上-f选项也会报错
-v 可视化，可以看见删除的步骤

[root@localhost tmp]# mkdir -p test/1/2/3/1.txt
[root@localhost tmp]# tree
.
├── systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-chronyd.service-3gWp1V
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vgauthd.service-Fz6h5g
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-160c099d3f55480989e57ecf6e92fea5-vmtoolsd.service-mFFjbG
│   └── tmp
│       └── vmware-root
├── systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-chronyd.service-yjDBVe
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vgauthd.service-VVQS7s
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-87dbb12d5085497c854d9e314613fd5a-vmtoolsd.service-bF4x7k
│   └── tmp
│       └── vmware-root
├── systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-chronyd.service-oQ1lMj
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vgauthd.service-UdBUxY
│   └── tmp
├── systemd-private-fbb3da9b959444bbb010c837c1333e95-vmtoolsd.service-HWnqHG
│   └── tmp
│       └── vmware-root
└── test
    └── 1
        └── 2
            └── 3
                └── 1.txt

26 directories, 0 files
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -rvf test
已删除目录："test/1/2/3/1.txt"
已删除目录："test/1/2/3"
已删除目录："test/1/2"
已删除目录："test/1"
已删除目录："test"
[root@localhost tmp]#