C++学习笔记－－模板

The general form of a template function definition is shown here:

通用的模板函数定义如下所示：

template <class type> ret-type func-name(parameter list)
{
   // body of function
} 

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class Stack
{
private:
    vector<T> elems;  //elements
public:
    void push(T const &); // push element
    void pop(); // pop element
    T top() const;
    bool empty() const
    {
        return elems.empty();
    }
};
template <class T>
void Stack<T>::push(T const & elem)
{
    elems.push_back(elem);
}
template <class T>
void Stack<T>::pop()
{
    if (elems.empty())
    {
        throw out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): empty stack");
    }
    elems.pop_back();
}
template <class T>
T Stack<T>::top() const
{
    if (elems.empty())
    {
        throw out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): empty stack");
    }
    return elems.back();
}
int main(void)
{
    try
    {
        Stack<int> intStack;
        Stack<string> stringStack;
        intStack.push(7);
        cout << intStack.top() << endl;
        stringStack.push("hello");
        cout << stringStack.top() << endl;
        stringStack.pop();
        stringStack.pop();
    }
    catch (exception const & ex)
    {
        cerr << "Exception: " << ex.what() << endl;
        return -1;
    }
}

输出：

wang@wang:~/c++$ ./a.out
7
hello
Exception: Stack<>::pop(): empty stack