30 秒解释“192.168.0.0/24”中的“/24”

我现在工作中正在处理这类事务,起初对我来说(作为一个网络安全背景知识有限的人),这真的很不直观。

所以,我在这里尽量把它简化,讲给那些不太熟悉IP地址的人听。

单一IP地址

192.168.0.0

192.168.0.0就是一个单独的IP地址,仅此而已。

在IP地址后添加“/”和数字

192.168.0.0/32是一个IP地址范围。

192.168.0.0/31也是一个IP地址范围。

192.168.0.0/30同样是一个IP地址范围。

192.168.0.0/29还是一个IP地址范围。

192.168.0.0/28依旧是一个IP地址范围。

依此类推。

我们在“/”后面添加的数字取值范围是从0到32。

查找此范围内的IP地址

我们先来找出这个范围内IP地址的数量。

假设我们有192.168.0.0/30这个地址范围

IP地址数量 = 2 ^ (32 - 30)

也就是2 ^ 2 = 4

所以,这个范围内的IP地址就是192.168.0.0、192.168.0.1、192.168.0.2以及192.168.0.3。

再假设我们有192.168.0.0/29这个地址范围:

IP地址数量 = 2 ^ (32 - 29)

即2 ^ 3 = 8

那么,该范围内的IP地址就是192.168.0.0、192.168.0.1、192.168.0.2……192.168.0.7。

又假设我们有192.168.0.1/28这个地址范围:

IP地址数量 = 2 ^ (32 - 28)

也就是2 ^ 4 = 16

这样一来,其IP地址就是192.168.0.0、192.168.0.1、192.168.0.2……192.168.0.15。

需要注意的是——在我看来,这种表示法很奇怪,也不直观,但它在行业内应用广泛,所以我想我也没资格反对它吧。

使用Python查找IP地址范围

我们可以使用Python内置的ipaddress模块来自动完成这项操作。

import ipaddress
x = list(ipaddress.ip_network('192.168.0.0/30', False))
from pprint import pprint
# 此范围内有4个IP地址
pprint(x)
'''
[IPv4Address('192.168.0.0'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.2'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.3')]
'''

上述代码中,False参数关闭了严格模式(开启严格模式会导致出错)。

import ipaddress
x = list(ipaddress.ip_network('192.168.0.0/28', False))
from pprint import pprint
# 此范围内有16个IP地址
pprint(x)
'''
[IPv4Address('192.168.0.0'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.2'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.3'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.4'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.5'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.6'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.7'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.8'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.9'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.10'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.11'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.12'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.13'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.14'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.15')]
'''

对于192.168.0.0/24:

IP地址数量 = 2 ^ (32 - 24)

即2 ^ 8 = 256

import ipaddress
x = list(ipaddress.ip_network('192.168.0.0/24', False))
from pprint import pprint
pprint(x)
'''
[IPv4Address('192.168.0.0'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.2'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.3'),
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.4'),
 ......
  ......
   ......
 IPv4Address('192.168.0.255'),

写在最后

我不会深入探讨 IP 地址的理论及其代表的含义(这需要更多文章来介绍),但希望这篇文章能够有所帮助并且易于理解。

[LSW1]dis ospf interface OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 10.1.1.1 Interfaces Area: 0.0.0.0 IP Address Type State Cost Pri DR BDR 10.1.1.1 P2P P-2-P 0 1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.1 Broadcast DR 1 1 192.168.12.1 0.0.0.0 192.168.31.1 Broadcast BDR 1 1 192.168.31.2 192.168.31. 1 192.168.201.2 Broadcast BDR 1 1 192.168.201.1 192.168.201 .2 192.168.202.2 Broadcast DR 1 1 192.168.202.2 0.0.0.0 [LSW1] [LSW1]dis [LSW1]display os [LSW1]display ospf pe [LSW1]display ospf peer OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 10.1.1.1 Neighbors Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.31.1(Vlanif31)'s neighbors Router ID: 10.1.1.9 Address: 192.168.31.2 State: Full Mode:Nbr is Master Priority: 1 DR: 192.168.31.2 BDR: 192.168.31.1 MTU: 0 Dead timer due in 32 sec Retrans timer interval: 5 Neighbor is up for 01:18:13 Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] Neighbors Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.201.2(Vlanif201)'s neighbors Router ID: 10.1.1.3 Address: 192.168.201.1 State: Full Mode:Nbr is Master Priority: 1 DR: 192.168.201.1 BDR: 192.168.201.2 MTU: 0 Dead timer due in 38 sec Retrans timer interval: 5 Neighbor is up for 00:13:27 Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] [LSW1]dis ip rou [LSW1]dis ip routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 27 Routes : 29 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 O_ASE 150 1 D 192.168.31.2 Vlanif31 10.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0 10.1.1.2/32 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.31.2 Vlanif31 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 10.1.1.3/32 OSPF 10 1 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 10.1.1.9/32 OSPF 10 1 D 192.168.31.2 Vlanif31 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 192.168.10.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.10.254/32 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.12.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.12.1 Vlanif12 192.168.12.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif12 192.168.20.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.20.254/32 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.30.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.31.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.31.1 Vlanif31 192.168.31.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif31 192.168.32.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.31.2 Vlanif31 192.168.40.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.40.254/32 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.50.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.50.1 Vlanif50 192.168.50.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif50 192.168.201.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.201.2 Vlanif201 192.168.201.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif201 192.168.202.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.202.2 Vlanif202 192.168.202.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif202 192.168.203.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 192.168.204.0/24 OSPF 10 3 D 192.168.31.2 Vlanif31 OSPF 10 3 D 192.168.201.1 Vlanif201 [LSW1][LSW1]dis ospf interface Vlanif 12 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 10.1.1.1 Interfaces Interface: 192.168.12.1 (Vlanif12) Cost: 1 State: DR Type: Broadcast MTU: 1500 Priority: 1 Designated Router: 192.168.12.1 Backup Designated Router: 0.0.0.0 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll 120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1 [LSW1][LSW1]dis ospf interface Vlanif 12 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 10.1.1.1 Interfaces Interface: 192.168.12.1 (Vlanif12) Cost: 1 State: DR Type: Broadcast MTU: 1500 Priority: 1 Designated Router: 192.168.12.1 Backup Designated Router: 0.0.0.0 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll 120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1 [LSW1] [LSW1] display interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/23 GigabitEthernet0/0/23 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP Description: Switch Port, TPID : 8100(Hex), The Maximum Frame Length is 9216 IP Sending Frames' Format is PKTFMT_ETHNT_2, Hardware address is 4c1f-cc11-0577 Last physical up time : 2025-09-15 20:01:44 UTC-08:00 Last physical down time : 2025-09-15 20:01:42 UTC-08:00 Current system time: 2025-09-15 21:21:42-08:00 Hardware address is 4c1f-cc11-0577 Last 300 seconds input rate 0 bytes/sec, 0 packets/sec Last 300 seconds output rate 0 bytes/sec, 0 packets/sec Input: 119 bytes, 1 packets Output: 289837 bytes, 2589 packets Input: Unicast: 0 packets, Multicast: 1 packets Broadcast: 0 packets Output: Unicast: 0 packets, Multicast: 2575 packets Broadcast: 14 packets Input bandwidth utilization : 0% Output bandwidth utilization : 0%
09-16
Current Time: Sunday, 28-Sep-2025 15:32:41 CST Restart Time: Sunday, 28-Sep-2025 15:31:18 CST Parent Server Config. Generation: 1 Parent Server MPM Generation: 0 Server uptime: 1 minute 22 seconds Server load: 2.87 2.01 1.85 Total accesses: 152 - Total Traffic: 224 kB - Total Duration: 87741 CPU Usage: u.44 s.54 cu.01 cs.05 - 1.27% CPU load 1.85 requests/sec - 2797 B/second - 1509 B/request - 577.243 ms/request 2 requests currently being processed, 48 idle workers Slot PID Stopping Connections Threads Async connections total accepting busy idle writing keep-alive closing 0 13930 no 3 yes 2 48 0 2 0 Sum 1 0 3 2 48 0 2 0 ____________________W_W___________________________.............. ................................................................ ...................... Scoreboard Key: "_" Waiting for Connection, "S" Starting up, "R" Reading Request, "W" Sending Reply, "K" Keepalive (read), "D" DNS Lookup, "C" Closing connection, "L" Logging, "G" Gracefully finishing, "I" Idle cleanup of worker, "." Open slot with no current process Srv PID Acc M CPU SS Req Dur Conn Child Slot Client Protocol VHost Request 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.86 6 373 2834 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044780776 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.32 6 18 1690 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.89 4 1046 3108 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044782258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.88 5 731 2874 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044781259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.86 6 370 2836 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044781259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.88 4 923 2607 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044781811 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.88 4 1028 2498 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044782259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.64 4 924 1956 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.89 4 918 3098 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044782745 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.90 3 825 1417 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044783259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.91 3 731 2183 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044783925 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.91 2 639 1900 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044783259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.91 2 520 1631 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044784259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.93 1 560 2350 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044785259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.93 2 600 2499 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044784925 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.92 2 240 1013 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044784259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.93 1 782 2657 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044785259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.95 0 332 1466 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044787259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/4/4 _ 0.94 0 748 2135 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044786258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.94 0 869 1222 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044785926 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 6/3/3 W 0.70 0 0 1102 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044787259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.95 0 180 641 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044786258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 15/2/2 W 0.70 0 0 319 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.74 12 939 1422 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044773745 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.73 13 712 1232 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044773260 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.70 15 156 311 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044772259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.72 14 305 840 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044772746 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.73 13 686 1192 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044773259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.75 12 801 1950 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044774258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.75 12 837 1958 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044774259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.75 11 469 1542 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044775259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.77 10 516 1714 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044776258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.76 11 428 1547 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044775259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.77 10 509 1772 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044775259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.79 10 598 1826 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044776258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.78 10 32 1017 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.79 9 523 1134 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044776258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.79 9 568 1240 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044777259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.81 8 757 1167 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044778042 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.81 8 876 1542 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044778259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.81 9 488 995 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044777259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.83 8 879 1187 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044778492 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.81 8 882 1381 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044777259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.83 7 620 1277 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044779258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.83 7 665 1019 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044778259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.83 7 601 1318 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044779259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.86 6 800 1951 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044780258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/3/3 _ 0.84 7 718 2237 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044779938 HTTP/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.56 8 695 1482 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 0-0 13930 0/2/2 _ 0.85 6 781 1754 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044780259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 - 0/0/1 . 0.00 79 1819 1819 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044704259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 - 0/0/1 . 0.00 79 1853 1853 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759044705259 HTTP/1.1
09-29
Current Time: Sunday, 28-Sep-2025 13:37:46 CST Restart Time: Sunday, 28-Sep-2025 13:10:23 CST Parent Server Config. Generation: 1 Parent Server MPM Generation: 0 Server uptime: 27 minutes 22 seconds Server load: 8.72 4.16 2.58 Total accesses: 458 - Total Traffic: 1.7 MB - Total Duration: 535065 CPU Usage: u1.7 s1.71 cu0 cs0 - .208% CPU load .279 requests/sec - 1091 B/second - 3912 B/request - 1168.26 ms/request 7 requests currently being processed, 43 idle workers Slot PID Stopping Connections Threads Async connections total accepting busy idle writing keep-alive closing 0 17768 no 2 yes 2 23 0 0 0 1 17769 no 4 yes 5 20 0 0 0 Sum 2 0 6 7 43 0 0 0 ____________W__W__________K_WW______WW____________.............. ................................................................ ...................... Scoreboard Key: "_" Waiting for Connection, "S" Starting up, "R" Reading Request, "W" Sending Reply, "K" Keepalive (read), "D" DNS Lookup, "C" Closing connection, "L" Logging, "G" Gracefully finishing, "I" Idle cleanup of worker, "." Open slot with no current process Srv PID Acc M CPU SS Req Dur Conn Child Slot Client Protocol VHost Request 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.05 9 1815 7439 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037869259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.04 12 1478 5701 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037873259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.07 7 1609 8253 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037858259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.05 9 1825 7637 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037862259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.05 10 1414 6639 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037856259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.07 6 1261 8021 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037877259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.07 7 1578 8705 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037863259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.08 6 1289 8677 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037878259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.10 3 1775 8508 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037881259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.08 5 1244 7632 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037858259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.09 4 1283 7451 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037873258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.10 1 2053 9754 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037881260 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 40/6/6 W 0.98 1 0 7637 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037875260 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.10 3 1696 6700 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037880259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/7/7 _ 1.11 1 1996 8040 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037868259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 46/6/6 W 1.00 1 0 6886 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037883259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.01 17 1312 6811 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037867259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.01 16 1485 6961 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037849259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.03 13 1977 8766 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037872259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.02 15 1637 7518 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037863259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.01 17 1357 5403 0.0 0.05 0.05 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037862259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.00 18 1428 5523 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037861258 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/5/5 _ 1.02 14 2113 7304 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037870259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.04 12 1500 8499 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037860259 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/6/6 _ 1.05 11 1448 7448 0.0 0.01 0.01 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037861258 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/14/14 _ 1.95 3 1723 14115 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037861258 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.98 0 1439 14703 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037875259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.98 1 1965 14616 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037862259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 47/12/12 W 1.87 1 0 13280 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037883225 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 39/12/12 W 1.85 1 0 13251 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037869259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.97 1 1992 13588 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037882258 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.96 3 1808 13801 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037867259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/13/13 _ 1.89 7 1608 13709 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037856259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/11/11 _ 1.89 7 1627 13057 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037876259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.89 7 1592 14045 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037876260 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.98 1 1996 13151 0.0 0.94 0.94 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037882259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 39/11/11 W 1.87 1 0 12744 0.0 0.04 0.04 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037863259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 47/11/11 W 1.87 0 0 12058 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/13/13 _ 1.91 6 1227 14262 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037870259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.91 6 1252 14176 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037878258 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/9/9 _ 1.89 7 56 11113 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/11/11 _ 1.93 5 1228 15148 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037879258 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.93 5 1194 14094 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037872259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/10/10 _ 1.91 6 1262 13959 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037864259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/13/13 _ 1.93 4 1257 15000 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037865259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.94 4 1258 15175 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037866259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.94 3 1694 15331 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037873259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.91 6 1277 12370 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037871259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.96 3 1766 15076 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037874259 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/12/12 _ 1.96 1 2023 15307 0.0 0.02 0.02 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /cgi-bin/config.cgi?getTstate1759037861258 HTTP/1.1
09-29
Scoreboard Key: "_" Waiting for Connection, "S" Starting up, "R" Reading Request, "W" Sending Reply, "K" Keepalive (read), "D" DNS Lookup, "C" Closing connection, "L" Logging, "G" Gracefully finishing, "I" Idle cleanup of worker, "." Open slot with no current process Srv PID Acc M CPU SS Req Dur Conn Child Slot Client Protocol VHost Request 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.02 181 30 30 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.03 161 6 6 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.15 166 14 14 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.16 146 6 6 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.04 141 16 16 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.18 136 19 19 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.06 131 23 23 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.18 126 12 12 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.09 121 20 20 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.20 46 32 32 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.10 41 19 19 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.22 26 16 16 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.12 21 27 27 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.14 11 33 33 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.24 16 33 33 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 0-0 17768 0/1/1 _ 0.14 186 9 9 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/2/2 _ 0.13 101 11 23 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.27 96 35 35 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.14 91 18 18 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.03 89 6 6 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.29 86 30 30 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.16 81 19 19 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.06 76 20 20 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.29 76 12 12 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.18 71 26 26 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.06 71 14 14 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.32 66 22 22 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.19 61 15 15 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.08 60 5 5 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.35 56 33 33 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.37 36 27 27 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.21 51 29 29 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.09 50 19 19 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.22 31 18 18 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.11 26 18 18 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.38 6 7 7 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.24 1 24 24 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.12 0 20 20 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 1/0/0 W 0.00 0 1899740339 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status? HTTP/1.1 1-0 17769 0/1/1 _ 0.25 106 18 18 0.0 0.00 0.00 192.168.0.187 http/1.1 127.0.1.1:8000 GET /server-status?refresh1 HTTP/1.1
最新发布
09-29
<think>我们首先需要解决用户的两个问题:1.为什么运行`iptables-L-v-n`时提示Permissiondenied?2.为什么使用sudo后看到的INPUT规则匹配次数会变化?根据引用[1]和引用[2],我们可以知道:-引用[1]提到非root用户不能监听1024以下端口,并且使用iptables转发端口。这里涉及到权限问题。-引用[2]是关于在sudo下运行pipinstall的问题,但我们可以借鉴权限问题的思路。###问题1:为什么运行`iptables-L-v-n`时提示Permissiondenied?iptables命令需要root权限才能执行。普通用户没有权限访问内核的netfilter(iptables)配置。因此,当普通用户运行`iptables-L-v-n`时,会得到"Permissiondenied"的错误。**解决方法**:使用`sudo`来提升权限,即运行`sudoiptables-L-v-n`。###问题2:为什么使用sudo后看到的INPUT规则匹配次数会变化?这里需要理解iptables的工作机制。当我们使用`sudo`运行iptables命令时,我们是以root用户身份执行的。但是,规则匹配次数的变化并不是因为sudo本身,而是因为iptables的规则是全局的(对所有用户生效),而且规则匹配次数是累计的。然而,用户观察到使用sudo后匹配次数变化,可能有以下原因:1.**命令执行时机不同**:每次运行命令时,匹配次数可能已经发生了变化(例如,有新的网络连接建立,导致匹配次数增加)。2.**显示的数据不同**:使用`-v`选项显示的是每条规则匹配的包和字节的计数。这些计数是自规则添加以来或上次重置以来的累计值。如果在两次命令执行之间发生了网络活动,计数就会增加。3.**sudo环境可能影响显示**?:实际上,sudo只是提升权限,不会改变iptables规则和计数。所以,在同一个时间点,用普通用户(加上sudo)和root用户运行命令,显示的计数应该是一样的。但普通用户不加sudo会报错,所以无法比较。但是,用户提到“使用sudo后看到的INPUT规则匹配次数会变化”,这里可能是指:-第一次运行`sudoiptables-L-v-n`时看到的计数,与稍后再次运行同一命令时看到的计数不同(因为中间有网络流量)。然而,用户可能还遇到了另一种情况:在短时间内连续运行两次sudo命令,但计数有变化。这通常是因为在两次命令之间,有数据包匹配了规则,导致计数增加。**特殊情况**:如果用户配置了iptables规则,其中包含多条可能匹配同一个数据包的规则,那么一个数据包可能被多个规则计数(即多次匹配)。例如,一个数据包可能同时匹配一条通用规则(如允许ESTABLISHED状态)和一条具体规则(如允许80端口)。这样,一个包会被计数两次。###结合之前的回答(TCP连接建立过程中iptables规则匹配6次)在之前的回答中,我们解释了TCP三次握手过程中,如果规则配置不当(同时使用了状态匹配和标志位匹配),一个连接建立过程可能导致6次规则匹配(每个数据包匹配两条规则)。因此,每建立一个TCP连接,INPUT链的规则计数可能会增加6次(如果有两条规则被匹配的话)。###总结1.**Permissiondenied**:iptables命令需要root权限,必须使用sudo。2.**匹配次数变化**:使用sudo后看到的计数是实时的累计值,每次运行命令时,计数可能因为网络活动而增加。另外,如果规则配置导致一个数据包匹配多条规则,那么计数的增加会更快。###如何验证?-重置iptables计数器:`sudoiptables-Z`-然后建立一个新的TCP连接(例如访问服务端口)-再次查看计数:`sudoiptables-L-v-n`这样就能观察到规则匹配次数的增加。###建议-使用sudo运行iptables命令。-理解规则配置,避免不必要的多重匹配(例如,使用状态规则优先,减少冗余规则)。###相关问题1.如何重置iptables的计数器?2.如何监控iptables规则的实时匹配情况?3.如何优化iptables规则以减少多重匹配?</think>### 问题分析:`iptables -L -v -n` 的权限问题与匹配次数变化原因 #### 一、`Permission denied` 错误的原因 当直接运行 `iptables -L -v -n` 时出现 **Permission denied** 错误,核心原因是: 1. **iptables 需要 root 权限** iptables 直接操作内核网络栈,必须通过 `sudo` 获取 root 权限才能执行[^1] ```bash $ iptables -L -v -n iptables v1.8.7: can't initialize iptables table: Permission denied ``` 2. **非 root 用户权限限制** 如同 SpringBoot 非 root 用户无法监听 80 端口[^1],普通用户无权访问 `/proc/net/ip_tables_names` 等内核接口 **解决方法**:始终使用 `sudo` 执行 iptables 命令 ```bash sudo iptables -L -v -n # 正常显示规则 ``` #### 二、使用 `sudo` 后 INPUT 规则匹配次数变化的原因 当使用 `sudo` 查看 `-v` 参数显示的匹配次数时,变化主要由以下机制导致: ##### 核心机制:**连接跟踪(conntrack)状态机** | 握手阶段 | 数据包类型 | conntrack 状态 | 典型规则匹配次数 | |---------|-----------|---------------|----------------| | SYN → | 客户端SYN | NEW | 2次(状态+标志)| | SYN-ACK ← | 服务端响应 | ESTABLISHED | 2次(状态+标志)| | ACK → | 客户端确认 | ESTABLISHED | 2次(状态+标志)| **匹配次数变化的直接原因**: 1. **实时流量触发** `-v` 显示的是**实时累计计数**,执行命令期间如有新连接建立,会立即增加计数 ```bash sudo iptables -L -v -n # 第一次查看 # 等待1后 sudo iptables -L -v -n # 计数已变化 ``` 2. **规则设计导致多重匹配** 如果存在如下组合规则: ```bash # 规则1:匹配SYN标志(增加1次计数) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN SYN -j ACCEPT # 规则2:匹配NEW状态(再增加1次计数) iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT ``` 单个 SYN 包会触发 **2 次计数**,使总匹配次数翻倍[^1] 3. **连接跟踪缓存更新** `conntrack` 模块在状态变更时(如 NEW → ESTABLISHED)会重新匹配相关规则 ##### 实验验证 1. 重置计数器: ```bash sudo iptables -Z # 清零所有计数 ``` 2. 建立 TCP 连接(如 `curl localhost:80`): ```bash sudo iptables -L -v -n | grep "INPUT" ``` 3. 观察输出: ``` Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 6 1440 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x17/0x02 6 1440 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ctstate NEW ``` 可见**单个连接导致 6 次匹配**(2规则×3握手包) #### 三、解决方案与最佳实践 1. **权限问题解决** ```bash # 永久方案:将用户加入sudoers sudo usermod -aG sudo your_username ``` 2. **减少匹配次数优化** ```bash # 优先使用状态匹配(减少50%匹配) sudo iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT ``` 3. **精确监控方法** ```bash # 实时监控特定规则 watch -n 1 'sudo iptables -L INPUT -v -n --line-numbers | grep "your_rule_num"' ``` ### 关键结论 1. `Permission denied` 源于 **iptables 需 root 权限**,必须用 `sudo` 2. 匹配次数变化反映 **实时网络活动** 和 **规则设计特性** 3. 6次匹配本质是: $$ \small \text{(状态规则 + 标志规则)} \times \text{3次握手} = 2 \times 3 = 6 $$
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