【MySQL】复合查询

0.准备工作

  • 在下面会用到三张表(emp,salgrade,dept)
  • emp表
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
  • dept表
+--------+------------+----------+
| deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+
  • salgrade表
+-------+-------+-------+
| grade | losal | hisal |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     1 |   700 |  1200 |
|     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
|     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
|     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
+-------+-------+-------++

1.多表查询

在这里插入图片描述

  • 显示员工名、员工工资和员工所在部门的名字
mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 显示部门号为10的部门名,员工名和工资
mysql> select dname,ename,sal from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+------------+--------+---------+
| dname      | ename  | sal     |
+------------+--------+---------+
| ACCOUNTING | CLARK  | 2450.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | KING   | 5000.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 显示各个员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别
mysql> select ename,sal,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.自连接

自连接是指在同一张表连接查询

  • 显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名(mgr是员工领导的编号–empno)
//使用子查询
mysql> select empno,ename from emp where empno=(select mgr from emp where ename='FORD');
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//使用多表查询(自查询)
mysql> select t2.empno,t2.ename from emp t1,emp t2 where t1.mgr=t2.empno and t1.ename='FORD';
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套查询

3.1 单行子查询

单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列

  • 显示SMITH同一部门的员工
mysql> select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK   | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK   | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.2 多行子查询

多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据

  • in关键字;查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门号,但是不包含10自己
mysql> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in(select job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno<>10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job     | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| SMITH | CLERK   |  800.00 |     20 |
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 |     30 |
| ADAMS | CLERK   | 1100.00 |     20 |
| JAMES | CLERK   |  950.00 |     30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • all关键字;显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号
mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |     20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal >(select max(sal) from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |     20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • any关键字;显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号(包含自己部门的员工)
mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.3 多列子查询

多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句

  • 查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员,不含SMITH本人
mysql> select * from emp where (deptno,job) =(select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename<>'SMITH';
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job   | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

3.4 在from子句中使用子查询

子查询语句出现在from子句中。把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。

  • 显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
mysql> select ename,emp.deptno,sal,myavg from emp,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno andnd sal > myavg;
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ename | deptno | sal     | myavg       |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ALLEN |     30 | 1600.00 | 1566.666667 |
| JONES |     20 | 2975.00 | 2175.000000 |
| BLAKE |     30 | 2850.00 | 1566.666667 |
| SCOTT |     20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
| KING  |     10 | 5000.00 | 2916.666667 |
| FORD  |     20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
mysql> select ename,emp.deptno,sal,mymax from emp,(select deptno,max(sal) mymax from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and em
+-------+--------+---------+---------+
| ename | deptno | sal     | mymax   |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+
| BLAKE |     30 | 2850.00 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT |     20 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
| KING  |     10 | 5000.00 | 5000.00 |
| FORD  |     20 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 显示每个部门的信息(部门名,编号,地址)和人员数量
mysql> select dname,dept.deptno,loc,mycnt from (select deptno,count(*) mycnt from emp group by deptno) tmp,dept where tmp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+------------+--------+----------+-------+
| dname      | deptno | loc      | mycnt |
+------------+--------+----------+-------+
| ACCOUNTING |     10 | NEW YORK |     3 |
| RESEARCH   |     20 | DALLAS   |     5 |
| SALES      |     30 | CHICAGO  |     6 |
+------------+--------+----------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.5 合并查询

为了合并多个select的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符 union(去重),union all(不去重)

  • 将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select * from emp where job='MANAGER' union select * from emp where sal>2000;
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
|  7566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where job='MANAGER' union all select * from emp where sal>2000;
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
|  7566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
### 关于 MySQL 复合查询的教程 复合查询是指通过 `UNION` 或子查询等方式组合多个 SQL 查询的结果集。以下是有关如何构建和执行 MySQL 中复杂查询的一些指导: #### 使用 UNION 进行复合查询 可以通过 `UNION` 和 `UNION ALL` 来合并两个或更多 `SELECT` 语句的结果集。注意,`UNION` 默认会去除重复项,而 `UNION ALL` 则保留所有记录。 ```sql -- 示例:使用 UNION 合并两个查询结果 SELECT tutorial_id, tutorial_title FROM tutorials_tbl WHERE tutorial_author = 'Abdul S' UNION SELECT tutorial_id, tutorial_title FROM tutorials_tbl WHERE tutorial_author = 'John Poul'; ``` 此示例展示了如何从同一表的不同条件中提取数据并将它们合并成单个结果集[^1]。 #### 子查询的应用 子查询是在另一个 SQL 语句内部嵌套的一个查询。它可以用于过滤、计算或其他操作。 ```sql -- 示例:基于子查询筛选数据 SELECT * FROM tutorials_tbl WHERE tutorial_id IN ( SELECT tutorial_id FROM tutorials_tbl WHERE submission_date >= '2007-05-01'); ``` 在此例子中,外部查询依赖于内部查询返回的一组 ID 值来进一步缩小范围[^1]。 #### JOIN 的高级应用 当涉及跨多张表格的数据关联时,可以利用各种类型的联接(JOIN),如 INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN 等实现更加复杂的逻辑处理。 ```sql -- 示例:INNER JOIN 实现两表间匹配字段联合检索 SELECT t.tutorial_id, u.user_name FROM tutorials_tbl AS t INNER JOIN users_tbl AS u ON t.author_id = u.id; ``` 这里假设存在一张名为 `users_tbl` 的用户信息表,并且每篇教程都有对应的作者ID (`author_id`) 可以用来建立联系关系[^3]。 #### 性能优化建议 对于大规模数据上的复杂查询,应当考虑索引设计以及避免不必要的全表扫描等问题。此外,在实际项目开发过程中还可以借助缓存机制或者分页技术提升响应速度[^2]。 ### 提供的相关资源链接 虽然当前文档未具体提及某些在线学习资料地址,但是可以根据以上介绍自行搜索关键词比如 “advanced mysql queries examples pdf”,“mysql complex join operations step by step guide” 获取更多信息源[^2]。
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