Codeforces-687A NP-Hard Problem

本文探讨了一个有趣的图论问题——如何将图合理地分割为两个互不相交的子集,使得每个子集都能构成图的覆盖。通过采用二部图的染色策略,文章提供了一种有效的解决方案,并附带了完整的代码实现。

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Recently, Pari and Arya did some research about NP-Hard problems and they found the minimum vertex cover problem very interesting.

Suppose the graph G is given. Subset A of its vertices is called a vertex cover of this graph, if for each edge uv there is at least one endpoint of it in this set, i.e.  or  (or both).

Pari and Arya have won a great undirected graph as an award in a team contest. Now they have to split it in two parts, but both of them want their parts of the graph to be a vertex cover.

They have agreed to give you their graph and you need to find two disjoint subsets of its vertices A and B, such that both A and B are vertex cover or claim it's impossible. Each vertex should be given to no more than one of the friends (or you can even keep it for yourself).

Input

The first line of the input contains two integers n and m (2 ≤ n ≤ 100 0001 ≤ m ≤ 100 000) — the number of vertices and the number of edges in the prize graph, respectively.

Each of the next m lines contains a pair of integers ui and vi (1  ≤  ui,  vi  ≤  n), denoting an undirected edge between ui and vi. It's guaranteed the graph won't contain any self-loops or multiple edges.

Output

If it's impossible to split the graph between Pari and Arya as they expect, print "-1" (without quotes).

If there are two disjoint sets of vertices, such that both sets are vertex cover, print their descriptions. Each description must contain two lines. The first line contains a single integer k denoting the number of vertices in that vertex cover, and the second line contains kintegers — the indices of vertices. Note that because of m ≥ 1, vertex cover cannot be empty.

Examples
input
4 2
1 2
2 3
output
1
2 
2
1 3 
input
3 3
1 2
2 3
1 3
output
-1
Note

In the first sample, you can give the vertex number 2 to Arya and vertices numbered 1 and 3 to Pari and keep vertex number 4 for yourself (or give it someone, if you wish).

In the second sample, there is no way to satisfy both Pari and Arya.


题目大意:

给你一个图,保证没有自环和重边,让你求两个互斥的子集,这两个子集都可以构成这幅图的一个覆盖。

解法:

其实看起来很像二部图= =所以只需要染个色就可以了。然后输出就行。上代码

#include <queue>
#include <cstdio>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int maxn = 1e5 + 5;
vector<int> G[maxn], a, b;
int n, m, flag;
int col[maxn];

bool bfs(int s) {  
    queue<int> p;  
    p.push(s);  
    col[s] = 1;  
    while(!p.empty()) {  
        int from = p.front();  
        p.pop();  
        
        int len = G[from].size();
        for(int i = 0; i < len; ++i) { 
        	int v = G[from][i];
            if(col[v] == -1) {  
                p.push(v);
                col[v] = !col[from];
            }  
            if(col[from] == col[v])
                return false;  
        }  
    }  
    return true;       
}  
int main()
{
	scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
	a.clear(); b.clear();
	for(int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) G[i].clear();
	for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){
		int u, v;
		scanf("%d%d", &u, &v);
		G[u].push_back(v);
		G[v].push_back(u);
	}
	
	flag = 0;
	memset(col, -1, sizeof(col));
	for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        if(col[i] == -1 && !bfs(i)) {
            flag = true;  
            break;    
        }  
	if(flag){
		puts("-1");
	}else{
		for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){
			if(G[i].size() == 0) col[i] = -1;
			if(col[i] == 0){
				a.push_back(i);
			}else if(col[i] == 1){
				b.push_back(i);
			}
		}
		
		int len = a.size();
		printf("%d\n", len);
		for(int i = 0; i < len; ++i){
			if(i) printf(" ");
			printf("%d", a[i]);
		}
		len = b.size();
		printf("\n%d\n", len);
		for(int i = 0; i < len; ++i){
			if(i) printf(" ");
			printf("%d", b[i]);
		}
		puts("");
	}
	return 0;
}


### 关于 Codeforces Problem 1802A 目前提供的引用内容并未涉及 Codeforces 编号为 1802A 的题目详情或解决方案[^1]。然而,基于常见的竞赛编程问题模式以及可能的解决方法,可以推测该类题目通常围绕算法设计、数据结构应用或者特定技巧展开。 如果假设此题属于典型的算法挑战之一,则可以从以下几个方面入手分析: #### 可能的方向一:字符串处理 许多入门级到中级难度的问题会考察字符串操作能力。例如判断子串是否存在、统计字符频率或是执行某种转换逻辑等。以下是 Python 中实现的一个简单例子用于演示如何高效地比较两个字符串是否相匹配: ```python def are_strings_equal(s1, s2): if len(s1) != len(s2): return False for i in range(len(s1)): if s1[i] != s2[i]: return False return True ``` #### 方向二:数组与列表的操作 另一常见主题是对整数序列进行各种形式上的变换或者是查询最值等问题。下面给出一段 C++ 程序片段来展示快速寻找最大元素位置的方法: ```cpp #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int main(){ int n; cin >> n; vector<int> a(n); for(auto &x : a){ cin>>x; } auto max_it = max_element(a.begin(),a.end()); cout << distance(a.begin(),max_it)+1; // 输出索引加一作为答案 } ``` 由于具体描述缺失,在这里仅提供通用框架供参考。对于确切解答还需要访问实际页面获取更多信息后再做进一步探讨[^3]。
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