loopback地址,静态vlan,trunk的介绍,附实验题

Loopback地址

loopback地址是路由器的逻辑接口,用来模拟网络环境。逻辑接口在查询时不显示。
loopback接口的配置命令是

[R1]int loop
[R1 ]int LoopBack 0
[R1- LoopBack0]ip add “ip地址” “子网掩码”

静态vlan

1.vlan概述与优势

vlan工作于数据链路层,通过在交换机中接入VLAN,加入VLAN,相互的VLAN用来隔离广播域。vlan可以控制广播,增强网络安全性,简化网络管理。静态vlan基于端口划分vlan。

2.vlan的范围

vlan范围范围用途
1正常默认VLAN
2-1001正常用于以太网的vlan,用户可以创建、使用和删除这些VLAN
1002-1005正常用于FDDI和令牌环的默认VLAN,用户不能删除这些VLAN
1006-1024保留仅限系统使用,用户不能查看和使用这些VLAN
1025-4094扩展仅用于以太网VLAN

3.静态VLAN的配置

1.创建VLAN
2.将交换机的端口加入到相应的VLAN中
3.验证VLAN的配置

Trunk

Trunk为每一个vlan提供一条链路,在交换网络中起到接入链路,中继链路的作用。

实验题

实验一

在这里插入图片描述
R1配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R1
[R1]interface g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.3.2 24 
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.1.1 24 
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R1]interface LoopBack 0
[R1-LoopBack0]ip address 1.1.1.1 32
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 
return
[R1-LoopBack0]q
[R1]ip route-	
[R1]ip route-static 2.2.2.2 32 192.168.1.2
[R1]ip route-static 3.3.3.3 32 192.168.3.1

R2配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R2
[R2]interface g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.2.1 24
Apr  6 2021 14:20:02-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.1.2 24
Apr  6 2021 14:20:24-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state. 
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]interface loopback 0
[R2-LoopBack0]ip address 2.2.2.2 32
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 
[R2-LoopBack0]q
[R2]ip route-	
[R2]ip route-static 1.1.1.1 32 192.168.1.1
[R2]ip route-	
[R2]ip route-static 3.3.3.3 32 192.168.2.2

R3配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R3
[R3]interface g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.3.1 24
Apr  6 2021 14:20:59-08:00 R3 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface g0/0/1
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.2.2 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
Apr  6 2021 14:21:21-08:00 R3 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state. 
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R3]interface loopback 0
[R3-LoopBack0]ip address 3.3.3.3 32
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 
[R3-LoopBack0]q	
[R3]ip route-static 1.1.1.1 32 192.168.3.2
[R3]ip route-static 2.2.2.2 32 192.168.2.1

然后PC1与PC2,PC3ping在这里插入图片描述

实验二

在这里插入图片描述
首先配好各个pc的ip地址,配好pc4,pc6的ip,子网掩码,网关。
sw1的配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys sw1
[sw1]
[sw1]interface e0/0/1
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 10
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/1
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 10
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]interface e 0/0/2
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 20
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]interface e0/0/3
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]port default vlan 10
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]interface e0/0/5
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/5]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/5]port default vlan 20
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/5]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/5
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 20
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/5]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/5] port default vlan 20
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/5]interface e0/0/4
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]port link-type trunk
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20

sw2配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys sw2
[sw2]
[sw2]interface e0/0/1
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/1]
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/1]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/1
 port link-type trunk
#
return
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/1]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/1
 port link-type trunk
 port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
#
return
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/1]interface e0/0/2
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]prot
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/2
 port link-type access
#
return
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]q
[sw2]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw2]interface e0/0/2
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 20
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/2
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 20
#
return
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/2]interface e0/0/3
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/3]port link-type access
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/3]port default vlan 10
[sw2-Ethernet0/0/3]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/3
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 10
#
return

r1配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys r1
[r1]interface g0/0/0
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.2.254 24
Apr  6 2021 17:12:56-08:00 r1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface g0/0/1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.20.1 24
Apr  6 2021 17:13:12-08:00 r1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state. 
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[r1]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 192.168.20.2

r2配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys r2
[r2]interface g0/0/0
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.20.2 24
Apr  6 2021 17:13:36-08:00 r2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface g0/0/1
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.10.254 24
Apr  6 2021 17:13:58-08:00 r2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state. 
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[r2]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.20.1

pc5pingpc1,pc3 pc4pingpc2,pingpc6在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述

实验三

在这里插入图片描述

先配好pc1,pc2,pc3的ip,子网掩码,网关
sw1的配置

<Huawei>
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys sw1
[sw1]vlan batch 10 20 30
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw1]
[sw1]interface e0/0/1
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 10
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/1
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 10
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]interface e0/0/2
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 20
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/2
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 20
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]interface e0/0/3
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]port default vlan 30
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/3
 port link-type access
 port default vlan 30
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/3]interface e0/0/4
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]port link-type trunk
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/4
 port link-type trunk
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20 30 
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/4
 port link-type trunk
 port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20 30
#
return
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/4]

r1配置

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys r1
[r1]interface g0/0/0.1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]ip address 192.168.1.254 24
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]dot1q termination vid 10
Apr  6 2021 15:52:28-08:00 r1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1 has entered the UP state. 
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]arp broadcast enable
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]interface g0/0/0.2
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]dot1q termination vid 20
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]arp broadcast enable
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]ip address 192.168.2.254 24
Apr  6 2021 15:53:23-08:00 r1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2 has entered the UP state. 
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]interface g0/0/0.3
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.3]ip address 192.168.3.254 24
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.3]arp broadcast enable
Error: This interface is not a termination interface.
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.3]dot1q termination vid 30
Apr  6 2021 15:53:56-08:00 r1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[3]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.3 has entered the UP state. 
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.3]arp broadcast enable
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.3]

pc1pingpc2,pingpc3
在这里插入图片描述

我们来设计一个**华为设备上的静态路由实验题**,适用于 eNSP(Enterprise Network Simulation Platform)模拟器环境。该实验将帮助你掌握华为路由器的基本配置、接口配置、静态路由配置与连通性测试。 --- ## 🎯 实验名称:华为路由器静态路由配置实验 ### 🔧 实验目标 1. 掌握华为路由器的基本命令行操作 2. 配置路由器接口 IP 地址 3. 手动配置静态路由实现跨网段通信 4. 使用 `ping` 和 `tracert` 测试网络连通性 5. 查看路由表并验证静态路由条目 --- ## 🖥️ 实验拓扑结构 ``` PC1 ----(192.168.1.0/24)---- R1 ----(192.168.2.0/24)---- R2 ----(192.168.3.0/24)---- PC2 (G0/0/0) (G0/0/1) (G0/0/0) (G0/0/1) ``` - **R1 和 R2**:华为 AR 系列路由器(如 AR2220) - **PC1 IP**: `192.168.1.10/24`, 默认网关: `192.168.1.1` - **PC2 IP**: `192.168.3.10/24`, 默认网关: `192.168.3.1` - **R1 接口**: - G0/0/0: `192.168.1.1/24` - G0/0/1: `192.168.2.1/24` - **R2 接口**: - G0/0/0: `192.168.2.2/24` - G0/0/1: `192.168.3.1/24` > 目标:使 PC1 与 PC2 能够互相 ping 通 --- ## ✅ 实验步骤(含完整命令) ### 第一步:搭建拓扑(在 eNSP 中完成) - 添加两台 AR 路由器(R1、R2)、两台终端 PC - 使用直通线连接: - PC1 → R1 的 GE0/0/0 - R1 的 GE0/0/1 → R2 的 GE0/0/0 - R2 的 GE0/0/1 → PC2 - 启动所有设备 --- ### 第二步:配置 R1 ```bash <Huawei> system-view [Huawei] sysname R1 # 配置接口 G0/0/0(连接 PC1) [R1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] undo shutdown [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] quit # 配置接口 G0/0/1(连接 R2) [R1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1 [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] undo shutdown [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] quit # 配置静态路由:去往 192.168.3.0/24,下一跳是 R2 的接口地址 [R1]ip route-static 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2 # 查看路由表 [R1]display ip routing-table ``` --- ### 第三步:配置 R2 ```bash <Huawei> system-view [Huawei] sysname R2 # 配置接口 G0/0/0(连接 R1) [R2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] undo shutdown [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] quit # 配置接口 G0/0/1(连接 PC2) [R2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1 [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] undo shutdown [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] quit # 配置静态路由:去往 192.168.1.0/24,下一跳是 R1 的接口地址 [R2]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 # 查看路由表 [R2]display ip routing-table ``` --- ### 第四步:配置 PC1 和 PC2(通过命令行或 GUI 设置) #### PC1 设置: ```bash IP Address: 192.168.1.10 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 ``` #### PC2 设置: ```bash IP Address: 192.168.3.10 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.3.1 ``` --- ### 第五步:测试连通性 #### 在 PC1 上执行: ```bash ping 192.168.3.10 ``` 预期结果:**成功收到回复** #### 追踪路径(可选): ```bash tracert 192.168.3.10 ``` 输出应显示经过: ``` 1 192.168.1.1 (R1) 2 192.168.2.2 (R2) 3 192.168.3.10 (PC2) ``` --- ## 📊 关键命令解释 | 命令 | 功能 | |------|------| | `system-view` | 进入系统视图 | | `sysname R1` | 修改设备名称 | | `interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/X` | 进入指定接口 | | `ip address x.x.x.x x.x.x.x` | 配置接口 IP | | `undo shutdown` | 开启接口(默认可能关闭) | | `ip route-static 目标网络 子网掩码 下一跳` | 添加静态路由 | | `display ip routing-table` | 查看当前路由表 | | `ping -a 源IP 目的IP` | 指定源地址 ping(可用于路由器自身测试) | --- ## ❗ 常见问题排查 | 问题 | 可能原因 | 解决方法 | |------|--------|---------| | Ping 不通 | 接口未开启 | 使用 `undo shutdown` | | 路由表无条目 | 静态路由配置错误 | 检查子网掩码和下一跳 | | 单向通 | 只配了一边路由 | R1 和 R2 都要配回程路由 | | ARP 失败 | PC 网关设置错误 | 检查 PC 的默认网关 | --- ## 💡 扩展练习建议 1. **添加默认路由**:让边缘路由器通过默认路由指向核心。 2. **浮动静态路由**:配置备份路径(例如增加一条串行链路)。 3. **使用环回接口测试**:在 R1 上创建 loopback0 (`1.1.1.1`),尝试从 PC2 访问它。 ---
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