[LeetCode] 236. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree

本文探讨了在二叉树中寻找两个给定节点的最低公共祖先(LCA)的问题,提供了两种递归解法,包括基本递归和优化后的递归方法,并详细解释了每种方法的工作原理。

Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree

Given a binary tree, find the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of two given nodes in the tree.
According to the definition of LCA on Wikipedia: “The lowest common ancestor is defined between two nodes p and q as the lowest node in T that has both p and q as descendants (where we allow a node to be a descendant of itself).”
Given the following binary tree: root = [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4]
这里写图片描述
Example 1:

Input: root = [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4], p = 5, q = 1
Output: 3
Explanation: The LCA of of nodes 5 and 1 is 3.

Example 2:

Input: root = [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4], p = 5, q = 4
Output: 5
Explanation: The LCA of nodes 5 and 4 is 5, since a node can be a descendant of itself according to the LCA definition.

Note:
All of the nodes’ values will be unique.
p and q are different and both values will exist in the binary tree.

解法1:递归

我们可以用递归来实现,在递归函数中,我们首先看当前结点是否为空,若为空则直接返回空,若为p或q中的任意一个,也直接返回当前结点。否则的话就对齐左右子结点分别调用递归函数,由于这道题限制了p和q一定都在二叉树中存在,那么如果当前结点不等于p或q,那么p和q要么分别位于左右子树中,要么同时位于左子树,或者同时位于右子树,那么我们分别来讨论:
若p和q要么分别位于左右子树中,那么对左右子结点调用递归函数,会分别返回p和q结点的位置,而当前结点正好就是p和q的最小共同父结点,直接返回当前结点即可,这就是题目中的例子1的情况。
若p和q同时位于左子树,这里有两种情况,一种情况是left会返回p和q中较高的那个位置,而right会返回空,所以我们最终返回非空的left即可,这就是题目中的例子2的情况。还有一种情况是会返回p和q的最小父结点,就是说当前结点的左子树中的某个结点才是p和q的最小父结点,会被返回。
若p和q同时位于右子树,同样这里有两种情况,一种情况是right会返回p和q中较高的那个位置,而left会返回空,所以我们最终返回非空的right即可,还有一种情况是会返回p和q的最小父结点,就是说当前结点的右子树中的某个结点才是p和q的最小父结点,会被返回。

class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* lowestCommonAncestor(TreeNode* root, TreeNode* p, TreeNode* q) {
        if(!root || p == root || q == root) return root;
        TreeNode* left = lowestCommonAncestor(root->left, p, q);
        TreeNode* right= lowestCommonAncestor(root->right, p,q);
        if(left && right) return root;
        return left ? left : right;
    }
};

解法2:解法1的改进

如果当前结点不为空,且既不是p也不是q,那么根据上面的分析,p和q的位置就有三种情况,p和q要么分别位于左右子树中,要么同时位于左子树,或者同时位于右子树。我们需要优化的情况就是当p和q同时为于左子树或右子树中,而且返回的结点并不是p或q,那么就是p和q的最小父结点了,已经求出来了,就不用再对右结点调用递归函数了,同样,对返回的right也做同样的优化处理。

class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* lowestCommonAncestor(TreeNode* root, TreeNode* p, TreeNode* q) {
        if(!root || p == root || q == root) return root;
        TreeNode* left = lowestCommonAncestor(root->left, p, q);
        if(left && left != q && left != p) return left;
        TreeNode* right= lowestCommonAncestor(root->right, p,q);
        if(right && right != q && right != p) return right;
        if(left && right) return root;
        return left ? left : right;
    }
};

此题还有一种情况,题目中没有明确说明p和q是否是树中的节点,如果不是,应该返回NULL,而上面的方法就不正确了。

参考

http://www.cnblogs.com/grandyang/p/4641968.html

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