面向对象程序设(Object-Oriented Programming, OOP)

本文深入探讨了面向对象程序设计的四大核心特性:封装性、抽象性、继承性和多态性,详细解释了它们在软件开发中的应用及重要性。

面向对象程序设计(Object-Oriented Programming,OOP)

四大特性:封装性、抽象性、继承性、多态性

1、封装性

所谓封装(Encapsulation),是使用“类”来实现“抽象数据类型”(ADT)。

2、抽象性

所谓“抽象”,是让用户只能接触到这些方法(函数),而无法直接使用数据,即符合信息或数据隐藏的要求,这就是“封装”的主要作用。

3、继承性

继承(Inheritance)类似现实生活中的遗传,允许我们去定义一个新的类来继承现有的类(Class),进而使用或修改继承而来的方法(Method),并可在子类中加入新的数据成员与函数成员。

4、多态性

多态(Polymorphism)也是面向对象设计的重要特性,可让软件在开发和维护时达到充分的扩展性。简单地说,多态最直接的定义就是让具有继承关系的不同类对象可以调用相同名称的成员函数,并产生不同的响应结果。

Title: R Object-Oriented Programming Author: Kelly Black Length: 190 pages Edition: 1 Language: English Publisher: Packt Publishing Publication Date: 2014-10-23 ISBN-10: 1783986689 ISBN-13: 9781783986682 A practical guide to help you learn and understand the programming techniques necessary to exploit the full power of R About This Book Learn and understand the programming techniques necessary to solve specific problems and speed up development processes for statistical models and applications Explore the fundamentals of building objects and how they program individual aspects of larger data designs Step-by-step guide to understand how OOP can be applied to application and data models within R Who This Book Is For This book is designed for people with some experience in basic programming practices. It is also assumed that they have some basic experience using R and are familiar using the command line in an R environment. Our primary goal is to raise a beginner to a more advanced level to make him/her more comfortable creating programs and extending R to solve common problems. In Detail R is best suited to produce data and visual analytics through customizable scripts and commands, instead of typical statistical tools that provide tick boxes and drop-down menus for users. The book is divided into three parts to help you perform these steps. It starts by providing you with an overview of the basic data types, data structures, and tools available in R that are used to solve common tasks. It then moves on to offer insights and examples on object-oriented programming with R; this includes an introduction to the basic control structures available in R with examples. It also includes details on how to implement S3 and S4 classes. Finally, the book provides three detailed examples that demonstrate how to bring all of these ideas together. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Data Types Chapter 2. Organizing Data Chapter 3. Saving Data and Printing Results Chapter 4. Calculating Probabilities and Random Numbers Chapter 5. Character and String Operations Chapter 6. Converting and Defining Time Variables Chapter 7. Basic Programming Chapter 8. S3 Classes Chapter 9. S4 Classes Chapter 10. Case Study – Course Grades Chapter 11. Case Study – Simulation
Build sophisticated web applications by mastering the art of Object-Oriented Javascript About This Book Learn popular Object-Oriented programming (OOP) principles and design patterns to build robust apps Implement Object-Oriented concepts in a wide range of frontend architectures Capture objects from real-world elements and create object-oriented code that represents them Learn the latest ES6 features and how to test and debug issues with JavaScript code using various modern mechanisms Who This Book Is For JavaScript developers looking to enhance their web developments skills by learning object-oriented programming. What You Will Learn Get acquainted with the basics of JavaScript language constructs along with object-oriented programming and its application. Learn to build scalable server application in JavaScript using Node.js Generate instances in three programming languages: Python, JavaScript, and C# Work with a combination of access modifiers, prefixes, properties, fields, attributes, and local variables to encapsulate and hide data Master DOM manipulation, cross-browser strategies, and ES6 Identify and apply the most common design patterns such as Singleton, Factory, Observer, Model-View-Controller, and Mediator Patterns Design applications using a modular architecture based on SOLID principles In Detail JavaScript is the behavior, the third pillar in today's paradigm that looks at web pages as something that consists of : content (HTML), presentation (CSS), and behavior (JavaScript). Using JavaScript, you can create interactive web pages along with desktop widgets, browser, and application extensions, and other pieces of software. Object-oriented programming, which is popularly known as OOP, is basically based on the concept of objects rather than actions. The first module will help you master JavaScript and build futuristic web applications. You will start by getting acquainted with the language constructs and how to organize code easily. You develop concrete understanding of variable scoping, loops, and best practices on using types and data structures, as well as the coding style and recommended code organization patterns in JavaScript. The book will also teach you how to use arrays and objects as data structures. By the end of the book, you will understand how reactive JavaScript is going to be the new paradigm. The second module is an easy-to-follow course, which includes hands-on examples of solutions to common problems with object-oriented code. It will help to identify objects from real-life scenarios, to protect and hide data with the data encapsulation features of Python, JavaScript, and C#. You will discover the advantage of duck typing in both Python and JavaScript, while you work with interfaces and generics in C#. With a fair understanding of interfaces, multiple inheritance, and composition, you will move on to refactor existing code and to organize your source for easy maintenance and extension. The third module takes you through all the in-depth and exciting futures hidden behind the facade. You should read through this course if you want to be able to take your JavaScript skills to a new level of sophistication. Style and approach This course is a comprehensive guide where each chapter consists of best practices, constructive advice, and few easy-to-follow examples that will build up your skills as you advance through the book. Get object oriented with this course, which takes you on a journey to get acquainted with few useful hands-on tools, features, and ways to enhance your productivity using OOP techniques. It will also act as a reference guide with useful examples on resolving problems with object-oriented code in Python, JavaScript, and C#. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Javascript Primer Chapter 2: Functions, Closures, And Modules Chapter 3: Data Structures And Manipulation Chapter 4: Object-Oriented Javascript Chapter 5: Javascript Patterns Chapter 6: Testing And Debugging Chapter 7: Ecmascript 6 Chapter 8: Dom Manipulation And Events Chapter 9: Server-Side Javascript Chapter 10: Objects Everywhere Chapter 11: Classes And Instances Chapter 12: Encapsulation Of Data Chapter 13: Inheritance And Specialization Chapter 14: Interfaces, Multiple Inheritance, And Composition Chapter 15: Duck Typing And Generics Chapter 16: Organization Of Object-Oriented Code Chapter 17: Taking Full Advantage Of Object-Oriented Programming Chapter 18: Object-Oriented Javascript Chapter 19: Primitive Data Types, Arrays, Loops, And Conditions Chapter 20: Functions Chapter 21: Objects Chapter 22: Prototype Chapter 23: Inheritance Chapter 24: The Browser Environment Chapter 25: Coding And Design Patterns Chapter 26: Reserved Words Chapter 27: Built-In Functions Chapter 28: Built-In Objects Chapter 29: Regular Expressions
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