CentOS 7 Linux挂载磁盘

本文将详细阐述在Linux环境中进行硬盘初始化、挂载的步骤、相关概念以及最佳实践。

1、查看磁盘是否分配

$ fdisk -l 

磁盘路径为/dev/vdc

2. 建立分区

$ fdisk /dev/vdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa7343e4f.

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-209715199, default 209715199): 
Using default value 209715199
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
$ fdisk -l 
Disk /dev/vda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000ae09f

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vda1   *        2048    62914526    31456239+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/vdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/vdc: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa7343e4f

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdc1            2048   209715199   104856576   83  Linux

3、格式化分区

$ mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdc1

4、挂载

临时挂载：通过mount命令手动将磁盘或分区挂载到指定目录，系统重启后，挂载关系就会丢失；
永久性挂载：通过配置文件/etc/fstab，使磁盘在系统启动时自动挂载到指定目录。这样，无论何时重启系统，硬盘都会按照预设规则自动挂载，无需用户干预，大大提升了数据访问的便捷性和系统的稳定性。

$ mkdir /data
$ mount /dev/vdc1 /data
$ vi /etc/fstab
/dev/vdc1    /data    xfs    defaults    0    0

各字段含义如下：
/dev/vdb1：待挂载的硬盘设备或分区。设备名（如/dev/sda1）可能会因系统环境变化而改变，导致fstab配置失效。使用blkid命令获取硬盘UUID，并在fstab中使用UUID代替设备名，可确保挂载的稳定性。
/data：挂载点，即硬盘将挂载到的目录。
xfs：文件系统类型，根据实际情况填写，如XFS、Btrfs等。
defaults：挂载选项，包括rw（读写）、auto（自动挂载）、exec（允许执行）、suid（保留SUID位）等默认设置。可根据需要添加其他选项，如noatime、nodiratime优化性能。
0：dump备份工具的检查级别，0表示不进行备份。
0：fsck磁盘检查顺序，根分区为1，其余按需递增，0表示不进行检查。

5、查看挂载是否成功

$ df -hl
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1        30G  1.4G   29G   5% /
devtmpfs         32G     0   32G   0% /dev
tmpfs            32G     0   32G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs            32G   25M   32G   1% /run
tmpfs            32G     0   32G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs           6.3G     0  6.3G   0% /run/user/0
/dev/vdc1       100G   33M  100G   1% /data

借助dmesg、journalctl、systemctl status等命令或工具监控系统启动时的挂载过程，及时发现并解决挂载问题。