文件排序工具（sort、uniq）

sort工具

sort 是一个以行为单位对文件内容进行排序的工具，也可以根据不同的数据类型来排序。例如数据和字符的牌局就不一样。sort 命令的语法为“sort [选项] 参数”，其中常用的选项包括以下几种：

• -f：忽略大小写；
• -b：忽略每行前面的空格；
• -M：按照月份进行排序；
• -n：按照数字进行排序；
• -r：反向排序；
• -u：等同于 uniq，表示相同的数据仅显示一行；
• -t：指定分隔符，默认使用[Tab]键分隔；
• -o <输出文件>：将排序后的结果转存至指定文件；
• -k：指定排序区域。

示例 1：将/etc/passwd 文件中的账号进行排序。

[root@localhost ~]# sort /etc/passwd
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:995:991::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
colord:x:997:995:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
c:x:1005:1005::/home/c:/bin/bash
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
dhcpd:x:177:177:DHCP server:/:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
geoclue:x:994:989:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
gnome-initial-setup:x:991:986::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
jiji:x:1009:1009::/home/jiji:/bin/bash
jing:x:1007:1007::/home/jing:/bin/bash
libstoragemgmt:x:998:996:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
lisi:x:1001:1001::/home/lisi:/bin/bash
liuliu:x:1004:1004::/home/liuliu:/bin/bash
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin
radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:996:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
setroubleshoot:x:993:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
sfya:x:1010:1010::/home/sfya:/bin/bash
shan:x:1000:1000:shan:/home/shan:/bin/bash
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:992:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
tol:x:1008:1008::/home/tol:/bin/bash
tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
wangwu:x:1002:1002::/home/wangwu:/bin/bash
xiao:x:1006:1006::/home/xiao:/bin/bash
zhangsan:x:1003:1003::/home/zhangsan:/bin/bash

示例 2：将/etc/passwd 文件中第三列进行反向排序。

[root@localhost ~]# sort -t ':' -rk 3 /etc/passwd
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
libstoragemgmt:x:998:996:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
colord:x:997:995:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:996:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:995:991::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
geoclue:x:994:989:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
setroubleshoot:x:993:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:992:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
gnome-initial-setup:x:991:986::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
dhcpd:x:177:177:DHCP server:/:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin
sfya:x:1010:1010::/home/sfya:/bin/bash
jiji:x:1009:1009::/home/jiji:/bin/bash
tol:x:1008:1008::/home/tol:/bin/bash
jing:x:1007:1007::/home/jing:/bin/bash
xiao:x:1006:1006::/home/xiao:/bin/bash
c:x:1005:1005::/home/c:/bin/bash
liuliu:x:1004:1004::/home/liuliu:/bin/bash
zhangsan:x:1003:1003::/home/zhangsan:/bin/bash
wangwu:x:1002:1002::/home/wangwu:/bin/bash
lisi:x:1001:1001::/home/lisi:/bin/bash
shan:x:1000:1000:shan:/home/shan:/bin/bash
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

示例3：将/etc/passwd 文件中第三列进行排序，并将输出内容保存至user.txt 文件中。

[root@localhost ~]# sort -t ':' -k 3 /etc/passwd -o user.txt
[root@localhost ~]# cat user.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
shan:x:1000:1000:shan:/home/shan:/bin/bash
lisi:x:1001:1001::/home/lisi:/bin/bash
wangwu:x:1002:1002::/home/wangwu:/bin/bash
zhangsan:x:1003:1003::/home/zhangsan:/bin/bash
liuliu:x:1004:1004::/home/liuliu:/bin/bash
c:x:1005:1005::/home/c:/bin/bash
xiao:x:1006:1006::/home/xiao:/bin/bash
jing:x:1007:1007::/home/jing:/bin/bash
tol:x:1008:1008::/home/tol:/bin/bash
jiji:x:1009:1009::/home/jiji:/bin/bash
sfya:x:1010:1010::/home/sfya:/bin/bash
qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
dhcpd:x:177:177:DHCP server:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
gnome-initial-setup:x:991:986::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:992:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
setroubleshoot:x:993:988::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
geoclue:x:994:989:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:995:991::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:996:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
colord:x:997:995:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
libstoragemgmt:x:998:996:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

uniq工具

 Uniq 工具在 Linux 系统中通常与 sort 命令结合使用，用于报告或者忽略文件中的重复行。具体的命令语法格式为：uniq [选项] 参数。其中常用选项包括以下几种：

• -c：进行计数；
• -d：仅显示重复行；
• -u：仅显示出现一次的行；

示例 1：删除 testfile 文件中的重复行。

[root@localhost ~]# touch testfile
[root@localhost ~]# vim testfile 
[root@localhost ~]# cat testfile 
Linux 10
Linux 20
Linux 30
Linux 30
Linux 30
CentOS 6.5
CentOS 6.5
CentOS 6.5
CentOS 7.3
CentOS 7.3
CentOS 7.3
[root@localhost ~]# uniq testfile 
Linux 10
Linux 20
Linux 30
CentOS 6.5
CentOS 7.3

示例 2：删除 testfile 文件中的重复行，并在行首显示该行重复出现的次数。

[root@localhost ~]# uniq -c testfile 
      1 Linux 10
      1 Linux 20
      3 Linux 30
      3 CentOS 6.5
      3 CentOS 7.3

示例 3：查找 testfile 文件中的重复行。

[root@localhost ~]# uniq -d testfile 
Linux 30
CentOS 6.5
CentOS 7.3