发现一篇不错的ubuntu文章。
本文转自http://huxuan.org/2012/04/30/after-install-ubuntu-12-04-precise/
曾经心血来潮写过一个Ubuntu的配置教程,还美其名曰《邂逅Ubuntu》系列,后来Ubuntu更新了,GNOME也变成了gnome shell,但是教程再也没更新过(惭愧不已)。适逢Ubuntu 12.04刚更新不久,简单记录下配置的流程。
本文主要记录了安装Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) 之后的配置美化过程,主要包含:
1、配置软件源;2、安装配置gnome shell取代unity;3、安装相关软件;4、配置杂项。
配置软件源
我的策略是教育网一组,公网一组,官网一组,其次主要考虑地理位置和具体连接的速度。
教育网推荐是使用清华、北交、上交的(其一即可),公网推荐sohu(中国官方源)、163的(同样选择其一)。
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# /etc/apt/sources.list
# tsinghua
deb
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb
-
src
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb
-
src
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb
-
src
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb
-
src
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb
-
src
http
:
//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
# # bjtu
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
# sohu (official China)
deb
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb
-
src
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb
-
src
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb
-
src
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb
-
src
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb
-
src
http
:
//cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# # 163
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# official security
deb
http
:
//security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb
-
src
http
:
//security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb
http
:
//security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb
-
src
http
:
//security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb
http
:
//security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb
-
src
http
:
//security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
# canonical partner
deb
http
:
//archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
deb
-
src
http
:
//archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
# official extras
deb
http
:
//extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb
-
src
http
:
//extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
|
配置好之后记得更新升级
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sudo
apt
-
get
update
sudo
apt
-
get
upgrade
|
安装配置gnome shell
之前折腾过Arch、Gentoo、Mint、Deepin都是因为Ubuntu换了unity,也算因祸得福,学到了很多东西,现在可以兼容了,当然果断上之。
安装基本桌面
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sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
# gnome shell 桌面
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
tweak
-
tool
# 高级配置工具
|
安装图标和GTK主题
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sudo
add
-
apt
-
repository
ppa
:
tiheum
/
equinox
# 添加图标主题PPA
sudo
add
-
apt
-
repository
ppa
:
satyajit
-
happy
/
themes
# 添加GTK主题PPA
sudo
apt
-
get
update
# 更新软件源
sudo
apt
-
get
install
faenza
-
icon
-
theme
faience
-
icon
-
theme
# 两款Icon theme
sudo
apt
-
get
install
evolve
-
gtk
-
theme
orion
-
gtk
-
theme
# 两款 GTK theme
|
我选择的Icon theme是Faience,Window theme和GTK+ theme都是Evolve
安装gnome shell extension
可以通过PPA和网站两种方式安装,主要还是个人喜好和需要,通过gnome-tweak-tool进行设置即可,这里只列出作者使用的部分
通过PPA安装
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sudo
add
-
apt
-
repository
ppa
:
webupd8team
/
gnome3
# 添加PPA
sudo
apt
-
get
update
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
extensions
# 官方插件
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
system
-
monitor
# 非官方系统监控插件,扩展性很强
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
classic
-
systray
# 移动所有底边信息栏图标至顶部
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
extensions
-
autohidetopbar
# 自动隐藏顶部功能条
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
extensions
-
mediaplayer
# 集成音乐到状态栏的声音设置
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
extensions
-
noa11y
# 删除accesibility按钮
|
通过GNOME Extensions网站安装
个人感觉PPA提供的已经基本够用了,而且很方便更新,你也可以在网站里淘一淘
需要注意 user-themes 插件可能有问题,导致gnome-tweak-tool无法打开或者打开报错,通过以下两条命令可以解决
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2
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sudo
cp
~
/
.local
/
share
/
gnome
-
shell
/
extensions
/
user
-
theme
@
gnome
-
shell
-
extensions
.gcampax
.github
.com
/
schemas
/
org
.gnome
.shell
.extensions
.user
-
theme
.gschema
.xml
/
usr
/
share
/
glib
-
2.0
/
schemas
/
sudo
glib
-
compile
-
schemas
/
usr
/
share
/
glib
-
2.0
/
schemas
|
安装gnome shell theme
我有点洁癖,不喜欢下载安装,因为不方便更新,但暂时还未发现包含很合意的gnome shell theme的PPA,可以关注一下Satya的PPA(之前安装GTK主题时已经添加了)。我已经邮件和作者联系过了,确定还会维护更新的,就是需要等等。我现在安装的是London Smoke Gnome-Shell,作为暂时的选择。
安装相关软件
此部分列举了本人会用到的软件包,因根据个人需要选择
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sudo
apt
-
get
install
ubuntu
-
restricted
-
extras
# 有版权限制的软件
sudo
apt
-
get
install
ibus
ibus
-
googlepinyin
# ibus输入法 和 谷歌拼音输入法
sudo
apt
-
get
install
chromium
-
browser
# Chromium 浏览器
sudo
apt
-
get
install
flashplugin
-
installer
# flash 插件
sudo
apt
-
get
install
cheese
# 摄像头软件
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
mplayer
vlc
# 视频播放器
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gimp
# PhotoShop 替代品
sudo
apt
-
get
install
pidgin
# 多协议聊天
sudo
apt
-
get
install
xchat
# irc聊天
sudo
apt
-
get
install
libreoffice
# office
sudo
apt
-
get
install
stardict
# 翻译辞典
sudo
apt
-
get
install
calibre
# 电子书管理工具
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gtg
# GTD 工具
sudo
apt
-
get
install
bleachbit
# 系统清洁
sudo
apt
-
get
install
skype
# skype
sudo
apt
-
get
install
axel
# 命令行下载
sudo
apt
-
get
install
pastebinit
# 命令行下上传文本至 pastebin
sudo
apt
-
get
install
dia
# 图表 (UML) 制作
sudo
apt
-
get
install
synergy
# 多电脑共享键鼠
sudo
apt
-
get
install
vim
# 神编辑器
sudo
apt
-
get
install
git
# git 版本控制
sudo
apt
-
get
install
mercurial
# hg 版本控制
sudo
apt
-
get
install
subversion
# svn 版本控制
sudo
apt
-
get
install
bzr
bzrtools
# bzr 版本控制
sudo
apt
-
get
install
octave
# Matlab 替代品
sudo
apt
-
get
install
python
-
dev
python
-
pip
# python dev pip
sudo
apt
-
get
install
apache2
# apache 服务器
sudo
apt
-
get
install
nginx
# nginx 服务器
sudo
apt
-
get
install
mysql
-
server
mysql
-
client
# mysql 数据库
sudo
apt
-
get
install
openvpn
# 这个干什么用就不解释了
sudo
apt
-
get
install
proxychains
# 命令行代理
# 配置好proxychains (/etc/proxychains.conf) 之后即可顺利安装dropbox
sudo
proxychains
apt
-
get
install
nautilus
-
dropbox
# dropbox 文件同步
sudo
add
-
apt
-
repository
ppa
:
tualatrix
/
ppa
# 添加 ubuntu-tweak PPA
sudo
apt
-
get
update
# 更新软件源
sudo
apt
-
get
install
ubuntu
-
tweak
# Ubuntu的优化大师
|
此外还有MongoDB数据库和指纹识别fprint的安装,可以进入对应页面查看详情
配置杂项
安装更新语言包
“System Settings” -> “Language Support”
在”Install / Remove Languages…” 中选择安装 “Chinese (simplified)” 和 “English”
最下方的输入法选择中选择ibus
配置字体
安装中文语言包之后会安装相应中文字体,通过gnome-tweak-tool即可配置
我一直比较喜欢使用文泉驿的微黑(WenQuanYi Micro Hei),等宽字体也使用WenQuanYi Micro Hei Mono
修改Chromium标题栏按钮位置问题
由于Unity的缘故,Chromium标题栏按钮会显示在左边,通过以下命令(其一)可以解决
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# 让标题栏只有关闭按钮
gconftool
-
2
--
set
/
apps
/
metacity
/
general
/
button_layout
--
type
string
":close"
# 让标题栏包含常规的最小化、最大化和关闭按钮
gconftool
-
2
--
set
/
apps
/
metacity
/
general
/
button_layout
--
type
string
":minimize,maximize,close"
|
在Startup Applications Preferences中显示开启启动项
默认情况下很多启动项都没有显示,通过以下命令即可实现
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|
sudo
sed
-
i
's/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/g'
/
etc
/
xdg
/
autostart
/
*
.desktop
|
优化最大化页面
主要是来自 ppa:webupd8team/gnome3 (前面已经配置)的新插件 window-buttons
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sudo
apt
-
get
install
gnome
-
shell
-
extension
-
window
-
buttons
# 将窗口标题栏最大/小化和关闭按钮移至上方的通知栏
sudo
apt
-
get
install
dconf
-
tools
# 配置插件插件需要用到的工具
sudo
apt
-
get
install
maximus
# 取消最大化时的标题栏
sudo
apt
-
get
install
gconf
-
editor
# 配置 maximus 需要用到的工具
|
1)在 gconf-editor 中,进入 apps > maximus
1.1)启用 ‘no_maximus’
2)在 dconf-editor 中,进入 org > gnome > shell > extensions > window-buttons,
2.1)启用 “onlymax” 和 “hideonnomax” 窗口(如桌面和gnomw-tweak-tool)不支持最大化时隐藏标题栏中的按钮
2.2)其他 theme 、 order 之类的可以根据自己的喜好修改
其他主要是根据个人喜好修改系统和相应软件的设置
至此,基本配置完毕,欢迎交流和提出改进意见