【mysql-事务和视图】

1. 事务

Transaction Control Language 事务控制语言

事务：
一个或一组sql语句组成一个执行单元，这个执行单元要么全部执行，要么全部不执行。

案例：转账

张三丰  1000
郭襄	1000

update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name='张三丰'
意外
update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name='郭襄'


事务的特性：
ACID
原子性：一个事务不可再分割，要么都执行要么都不执行
一致性：一个事务执行会使数据从一个一致状态切换到另外一个一致状态
隔离性：一个事务的执行不受其他事务的干扰
持久性：一个事务一旦提交，则会永久的改变数据库的数据.



事务的创建
隐式事务：事务没有明显的开启和结束的标记
比如insert、update、delete语句

delete from 表 where id =1;

显式事务：事务具有明显的开启和结束的标记
前提：必须先设置自动提交功能为禁用

set autocommit=0;

步骤1：开启事务
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;可选的
步骤2：编写事务中的sql语句(select insert update delete)
语句1;
语句2;
...

步骤3：结束事务
commit;提交事务
rollback;回滚事务

savepoint 节点名;设置保存点



事务的隔离级别：
		  脏读		不可重复读	幻读
read uncommitted：√		√		√
read committed：  ×		√		√
repeatable read： ×		×		√
serializable	  ×             ×               ×

mysql中默认 第三个隔离级别 repeatable read
oracle中默认第二个隔离级别 read committed

查看隔离级别
select @@tx_isolation;
设置隔离级别
set session|global transaction isolation level 隔离级别;

开启事务的语句;
update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name='张三丰'

update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name='郭襄' 
结束事务的语句;

SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'autocommit';
SHOW ENGINES;

• 1.演示事务的使用步骤

#开启事务
SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;
#编写一组事务的语句
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000 WHERE username='张无忌';
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000 WHERE username='赵敏';

#结束事务
ROLLBACK;
#commit;

SELECT * FROM account;

• 2.演示事务对于delete和truncate的处理的区别

SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;

DELETE FROM account;
ROLLBACK;

• 3.演示savepoint 的使用

SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;
DELETE FROM account WHERE id=25;
SAVEPOINT a;#设置保存点
DELETE FROM account WHERE id=28;
ROLLBACK TO a;#回滚到保存点

SELECT * FROM account;

2. 视图

含义：虚拟表，和普通表一样使用
mysql5.1版本出现的新特性，是通过表动态生成的数据

比如：舞蹈班和普通班级的对比
	创建语法的关键字	是否实际占用物理空间	使用

视图	create view		只是保存了sql逻辑	增删改查，只是一般不能增删改

表	create table		保存了数据		增删改查```

#案例：查询姓张的学生名和专业名
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`;

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';

2.1 创建视图

语法：
create view 视图名
as
select 查询语句;

USE myemployees;

• 案列

#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id  = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id  = e.job_id;

#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别

#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#②使用
SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;

#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资

CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;


SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

2.2 视图的修改

#方式一：
/*
create or replace view  视图名
as
select 查询语句;

SELECT * FROM myv3 

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

#方式二：
语法：
alter view 视图名
as 
查询语句;

ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

2.3 删除视图

语法：drop view 视图名,视图名,...;

DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;

2.4 查看视图

DESC myv3;

SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;

2.5 视图的更新(DML)

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;


SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;

• 1.插入

INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');

• 2.修改

UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';

• 3.删除

DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

具备以下特点的视图不允许更新

①包含以下关键字的sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group  by、having、union或者union all

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;

#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS

SELECT 'john' NAME;

SELECT * FROM myv2;

#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';

#③Select中包含子查询

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS

SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;

#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;

#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id  = d.department_id;

#更新

SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name  = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');

#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS

SELECT * FROM myv3;

#更新

SELECT * FROM myv5;

UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;

#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS

SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
	SELECT  manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';