52.说一下 synchronized 底层实现原理?
synchronized确保在运行时的任何时候只有一个方法或代码块可以进入临界区,还确保共享变量的内存可见性。
Java中每一个对象都可以作为锁,这是synchronized实现同步的基础:
①普通同步方法,锁是当前实例对象。
示例:
public class Test42 implements Runnable { int count = 0; @Override public synchronized void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + count++); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Test42 test1 = new Test42(); Test42 test2 = new Test42(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(test1, "thread1"); Thread thread2 = new Thread(test2, "thread2"); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } }
②静态同步方法,锁是当前类的class对象。
示例:
public class Test43 implements Runnable { static int count = 0; @Override public synchronized void run() { increase(); } private synchronized static void increase() { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + count++); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Test43 test1 = new Test43(); Test43 test2 = new Test43(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(test1, "thread1"); Thread thread2 = new Thread(test2, "thread2"); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } }
③同步方法块,锁是括号里面的对象。
示例:
public class Test44 implements Runnable { static int count = 0; @Override public synchronized void run() { increase(); } private void increase() { synchronized (this) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + count++); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Test44 test1 = new Test44(); Test44 test2 = new Test44(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(test1, "thread1"); Thread thread2 = new Thread(test2, "thread2"); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } }
53. synchronized 和 volatile 的区别是什么?
①synchronized可以作用于变量、方法、对象;volatile只能作用于变量。②synchronized可以保证线程间变量的修改可见性和原子性;volatile只保证变量的修改可见性,无法保证原子性。③synchronized线程阻塞,volatile线程不阻塞。④synchronized标记的变量可以被编译器优化;volatile标记的变量不会被编译器优化。
54. synchronized 和 Lock 有什么区别?
①Synchronized是关键字,内置语言实现,Lock是接口。②Synchronized在线程发生异常时会自动释放锁,因此不会发生异常死锁。Lock异常时不会自动释放锁,所以需要在finally中实现释放锁。③Lock是可以中断锁,Synchronized是非中断锁,必须等待线程执行完成释放锁。④Lock锁适合大量同步的代码的同步问题,synchronized锁适合代码少量的同步问题。
55. synchronized 和 ReentrantLock 区别是什么?
①synchronized是JVM 层面实现的;ReentrantLock是JDK 代码层面实现。②synchronized竞争锁时会一直等待;ReentrantLock可以尝试获取锁,并得到获取结果。③synchronized 获取锁无法设置超时;ReentrantLock 可以设置获取锁的超时时间。④synchronized在加锁代码块执行完或者出现异常,自动释放锁;ReentrantLock不会自动释放锁,需要在 finally{}代码块显示释放。
synchronized示例:
public static void main(String[] args) { Test45 t1 = new Test45(); Thread thread1 = new Thread((Runnable) t1, "thread1"); Thread thread2 = new Thread((Runnable) t1, "thread2"); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } @Override public void run() { synchronized (this) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + i); } }
ReentrantLock示例:
public static void main(String[] args) { Test45 t1 = new Test45(); Thread thread1 = new Thread((Runnable) t1, "thread1"); Thread thread2 = new Thread((Runnable) t1, "thread2"); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); } private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); public void run() { lock.lock(); try { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + i); } finally { lock.unlock(); } }
56. 说一下 atomic 的原理?
Atomic包中的类基本的特性就是在多线程环境下将属性设置为atomic可确保数据的一致读取 。他会保证数据只能被一个线程占用,也就是说当一个线程写一个属性的时候,它会用自旋锁锁定这个属性,其他线程不允许读取。
示例:
static AtomicInteger ai = new AtomicInteger(1); public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(ai.getAndIncrement()); System.out.println(ai.get()); }