Docker容器的常用的命令

原创已于 2023-06-30 21:13:20 修改 · 266 阅读

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于 2021-09-06 16:28:00 首次发布

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本文详细介绍了Docker在CentOS7环境下进行镜像和容器的操作，包括查看本地镜像、搜索Docker Hub上的镜像、拉取镜像、查看镜像详细信息、构建新镜像、设置镜像标签、删除镜像、管理容器（启动、停止、拷贝文件、目录挂载等）。此外，还涉及了容器的暂停、恢复以及查看容器IP地址等操作。

环境：CentOS7

查看镜像

[root@Node1 docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE

REPOSITORY：镜像名称
TAG：镜像标签
IMAGE ID：镜像ID
CREATED：镜像的创建日期（不是获取该镜像的日期）
SIZE：镜像大小
这些镜像都是存储在Docker宿主机的/var/lib/docker目录下

搜索镜像（centos7）

[root@Node1 docker]# docker search centos7
NAME                                DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
ansible/centos7-ansible             Ansible on Centos7                              134                  [OK]
paigeeworld/centos7                 Centos7 with apache, iperf3, nmap, ssh          6
flyceek/centos7-jdk                 centos7-jdk                                     5                    [OK]
ryanj/centos7-s2i-nodejs            STOP RUNNING YOUR APP BUILDS AS ROOT!! Use t…   5
bucharestgold/centos7-s2i-nodejs    OpenShift S2I builder images for Node.js app…   4
prairielearn/centos7-python                                                         3
nodeshift/centos7-s2i-web-app       OpenShift S2I builder images for Modern Web …   3
ovirtguestagent/centos7-atomic      The oVirt Guest Agent for Centos 7 Atomic Ho…   2
solans/centos7-elog                 centos7 elog                                    1
lamho/centos7                                                                       1
myheritage/centos7-git-java         CentOs based docker image for Jenkins slave     1                    [OK]
sglim2/centos7                      centos7 with gcc/g++/make/git                   1                    [OK]
nodeshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs        OpenShift S2I builder images for Node.js app…   1
uhinfra/centos7-python3.6           This is DEPRECATED. Use uhinfra/centos7-pyth…   1
bhaisaab/centos7-cloudstack-slave   Docker image for building Apache CloudStack …   1
mimacom/centos7-java                Docker image based on centos7 with java         0                    [OK]
martinrw/centos7-icinga             Basic centos7 image with icinga2, used for t…   0
chicrock/centos7-php7-node9         centos7 + php71 + node9                         0                    [OK]
couchbase/centos7-systemd           centos7-systemd images with additional debug…   0                    [OK]
chekanov/centos7hepsim              Software for HepSim repository based on Cent…   0
fortinj66/centos7-s2i-nodejs        based off of ryanj/centos7-s2i-nodejs.  Bigg…   0
caio2k/centos7                      centos7 with supervisord and vagrant user       0                    [OK]
0702/centos7                        A centos7 with usual utils                      0                    [OK]
puzzle/centos7-ruby-25-openssl      official redhat ruby 2.5 image PLUS openssl     0                    [OK]
rmtm/centos7                        CentOS7 Baseline for RMTM                       0

PS：
NAME：仓库名称
DESCRIPTION：镜像描述
STARS：用户评价，反应一个镜像的受欢迎程度
OFFICIAL：是否官方
AUTOMATED：自动构建，表示该镜像由Docker Hub自动构建流程创建的

拉取镜像（centos）

[root@Node1 docker]# docker pull tutum/centos
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from tutum/centos
Image docker.io/tutum/centos:latest uses outdated schema1 manifest format. Please upgrade to a schema2 image for better future compatibility. More information at https://docs.docker.com/registry/spec/deprecated-schema-v1/
a3ed95caeb02: Pull complete
196355c4b639: Pull complete
edd0a8ebcd9d: Pull complete
8ba44ed17115: Pull complete
69f7e70c0063: Pull complete
54abd94c9217: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:b4de18abfef698f6ae3a4921d6f58edef8fc770c6ee5da7636fa4ea51ab545c5
Status: Downloaded newer image for tutum/centos:latest
docker.io/tutum/centos:latest

[root@Node1 docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY     TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
tutum/centos   latest    99a633ad346f   5 years ago   297MB

查看镜像信息

[root@Node1 ~]# docker inspect tutum/centos
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:99a633ad346ff9debae2e18ef28e36da72c4535d936500e497cd34377173d4b6",
        "RepoTags": [
            "tutum/centos:latest"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [
            "tutum/centos@sha256:b4de18abfef698f6ae3a4921d6f58edef8fc770c6ee5da7636fa4ea51ab545c5"
        ],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2016-03-17T15:58:48.755229612Z",
        "Container": "09354ae063c58c0de57dbd8ba524960ad6928c199cb4ec75d6c8658a5d3c4d11",
        "ContainerConfig": {
            "Hostname": "0bc4c5093a7b",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "22/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "AUTHORIZED_KEYS=**None**"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "#(nop) CMD [\"/run.sh\"]"
            ],
            "Image": "75778ff9500e6a866ada5af4c0f0f4e8d0853a2707d6e1ba93639a56a5299ce4",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": [],
            "Labels": {
                "build-date": "2016-03-04",
                "license": "GPLv2",
                "name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "DockerVersion": "1.9.1",
        "Author": "Feng Honglin <hfeng@tutum.co>",
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "0bc4c5093a7b",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "22/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "AUTHORIZED_KEYS=**None**"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/run.sh"
            ],
            "Image": "75778ff9500e6a866ada5af4c0f0f4e8d0853a2707d6e1ba93639a56a5299ce4",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": [],
            "Labels": {
                "build-date": "2016-03-04",
                "license": "GPLv2",
                "name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 297355158,
        "VirtualSize": 297355158,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5be04ed311a9038acd931b9101f58c8cac7051a1f8596c447cf1248752ec9f7e/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/085569f7382dcf56b025dfa133bc99902753f267ebc0c0061663039f9e13d3c3/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e02e1a389ea8c6961c3c40da69ac09bbe6c360250c122d37656e9544f81e3fdf/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b754bfbaf5ce8caedda9ab99bdee03770df50a4384b21d68b2ce5195e66fdcd8/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0efeb547ac388cd528201ca397e725ba7196bdb94b5d954b1e473d2482c7f411/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/f70345cada5d2b0bed91603267e916d415fba745c4455a52b73d2fdd74922e49/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/6fac84f4d83678ab2bb2951f02b2efaf588664e1a2b4c51560f2a30aa87106aa/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/59463efa9de8ddd45f74ec7dcf51a4df29435c0e50a08563b109f8ea2d20fabf/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/526fccb853d8fb98f5964693bff1530364ac589d5dbf6b1195575379263aaaaf/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/6c6e68298178a37eb5e875e4eef003de495013647644f2b3eac70b25a60fcf42/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b8fa9da8b98d178b502b41fc934bafaae6ed85368aac3491700a0f5f497b58a4/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e071ae83e60e8c7e0a9e93c4dcd155771000881709a4047832c0a1642007c4ef/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e071ae83e60e8c7e0a9e93c4dcd155771000881709a4047832c0a1642007c4ef/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e071ae83e60e8c7e0a9e93c4dcd155771000881709a4047832c0a1642007c4ef/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "RootFS": {
            "Type": "layers",
            "Layers": [
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef",
                "sha256:a734b0ff4ca6f104ccaa5c51230935de4b5f3fce6b1a34db31e3a59ce36a06d3",
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef",
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef",
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef",
                "sha256:aa2141fd17764b6f81792fff016d1a9a3d4ee36bfdd959735c7447be95e0d784",
                "sha256:5cc88729097cabec6c6611e4ed581da73c3e7cf754df56de54d43dafb2fa8d83",
                "sha256:2baee2b1ff775a9e14de92179b8ea5cb76651588d107b9c2aae3cff2da926743",
                "sha256:d3f4d82f6788f30e38574e83a8d89a0cf79b8651494da543cc01849556fc8a55",
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef",
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef",
                "sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef"
            ]
        },
        "Metadata": {
            "LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        }
    }
]

构建镜像

命令：docker commit 容器ID（名称）新镜像名字

[root@Node1 ~]# docker commit centos3  image3
sha256:17b4e02de848e63578021c6a14c9296e5e22b2fb835184fc3d341eb1e2708185
[root@Node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY     TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
image3         latest    17b4e02de848   11 seconds ago   297MB
tutum/centos   latest    99a633ad346f   5 years ago      297MB

设置镜像标签

命令：docker tag 源镜像名称（版本号）目标镜像名称（版本号）

[root@Node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY     TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
tutum/centos   latest    99a633ad346f   5 years ago   297MB
[root@Node1 ~]# docker tag tutum/centos centos:v1
[root@Node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY     TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
centos         v1        99a633ad346f   5 years ago   297MB
tutum/centos   latest    99a633ad346f   5 years ago   297MB

删除镜像

[root@Node1 docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY     TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
tutum/centos   latest    99a633ad346f   5 years ago   297MB

[root@Node1 docker]# docker rmi 99a633ad346f
Untagged: tutum/centos:latest
Untagged: tutum/centos@sha256:b4de18abfef698f6ae3a4921d6f58edef8fc770c6ee5da7636fa4ea51ab545c5
Deleted: sha256:99a633ad346ff9debae2e18ef28e36da72c4535d936500e497cd34377173d4b6
Deleted: sha256:e72d160abbd5585d403996036763c88e9624c70d9d80d6fb0e1ccb2c49b8a26d
Deleted: sha256:8f201733668a3ce8ce77a0dc8b2d7249cdc70b1022a7fc78650527a6f3ec09b6
Deleted: sha256:8fdcefb6d553194a6881387055c1d4110bc385d3dbf4d51b0aa07f1251e877ef
Deleted: sha256:8f98c28a55c2e54cf8b8815d843cbfaf1495dd0bf601774f27da1cbe80183225
Deleted: sha256:6163e9854471a9b6c817b9514d6b8d1cf7be7684fa0c52d76d42188e28785859
Deleted: sha256:85946201865d0456e3d2db4df8699ecc017f2a8df599a1c0b241d30e8f942ed6
Deleted: sha256:3b6d6efff38bc7552b4e42d78a142460dd122efe3f86a921298e82d60f770c85
Deleted: sha256:28508c96f9bffc44568bdcf1d0cd20a0357a106a18440302ba67ee4c68a3ccad
Deleted: sha256:33b3813290610f3880214f35c32d2175adfcc75500cae48dfdbcbcf31928a1ac
Deleted: sha256:ce3c560f1cfc18c6febc0a8ed4f8330d32df64e52fa0b34b82d42ad35406ac39
Deleted: sha256:cf032be00d9aedaf94363af683f83fda44140490759c1c048584dc9b3dd1f34e
Deleted: sha256:5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef

[root@Node1 docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE

PS：docker rmi docker images -q（删除所有镜像）

查看正在运行的容器

[root@Node1 docker]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

查看所有停止的容器

[root@Node1 docker]# docker ps -f status=exited
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

创建容器（需要先拉取镜像）

命令：docker run -it --name=容器名称镜像名称:标签 /bin/bash

[root@Node1 docker]# docker run -it --name=centos1 tutum/centos /bin/bash
 （交互式：推出即退出）
[root@45f0876be2b3 /]# ps
   PID TTY          TIME CMD
     1 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
    16 pts/0    00:00:00 ps
[root@45f0876be2b3 /]# exit
exit

命令：docker run -di --name=容器名称镜像名称:标签（创建）
命令：docker exec -it 容器名称 (或者容器ID) /bin/bash（登录）

[root@Node1 docker]# docker run -di --name=centos2 tutum/centos
（守护式：需登录）
dd8f93f14ea3faa883f8218384d77291e6515dd79ee372b8b4e754c5554bd844
[root@Node1 docker]# docker exec -it centos2 /bin/bash
 （登录）
[root@dd8f93f14ea3 /]# ps
   PID TTY          TIME CMD
    16 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
    30 pts/0    00:00:00 ps
[root@dd8f93f14ea3 /]# exit
exit

PS：
相关参数：
-i：表示运行容器
-t：表示容器启动后会进入其命令行。加入这两个参数后，容器创建就能登录进去。即分配一个伪终端。
–name :为创建的容器命名。
-v：表示目录映射关系（前者是宿主机目录，后者是映射到宿主机上的目录），可以使用多个－v做多个目录或文件映射。注意：最好做目录映射，在宿主机上做修改，然后共享到容器上。
-d：在run后面加上-d参数,则会创建一个守护式容器在后台运行（这样创建容器后不会自动登录容器，如果只加-i -t两个参数，创建后就会自动进去容器）。
-p：表示端口映射，前者是宿主机端口，后者是容器内的映射端口。可以使用多个-p做多个端口映射

停止容器

[root@Node1 docker]# docker stop centos2
centos2

启动容器

[root@Node1 docker]# docker start centos2
centos2

拷贝

从容器拷贝到本地（例子chen文件已经存于centos容器/目录下）
docker cp 容器名称:容器目录需要拷贝的文件或目录

[root@Node1 ~]# docker cp centos2:/chen /
[root@Node1 ~]# cd /
[root@Node1 /]# ll
total 24
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root    7 Sep  2 12:39 bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root 4096 Sep  6 15:28 boot
-rw-r--r--.   1 root root    9 Sep  6 15:36 chen

从本地拷贝到容器（例子chen文件已经存于本地/目录下）
docker cp 需要拷贝的文件或目录容器名称:容器目录

[root@Node1 /]# docker cp /chen centos2:/chen2
[root@Node1 /]# docker exec -it centos2 /bin/bash
[root@dd8f93f14ea3 /]# ll
total 36
-rw-r--r--.   1 root root 18298 Mar  4  2016 anaconda-post.log
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root     7 Mar  4  2016 bin -> usr/bin
-rw-r--r--.   1 root root     9 Sep  6 07:36 chen
-rw-r--r--.   1 root root     9 Sep  6 07:36 chen2

目录挂载（宿主机的目录改变时，被挂载的容器目录也会同步更改）已有/data在宿主机

[root@Node1 /]# docker run -di -v /data:/data --name=centos3 tutum/centos
2edae6f9e00c7494aea95e368d918897d7a9d0cc3a8f81157f1d70bbeed720f8
[root@Node1 /]# docker exec -it centos3 /bin/bash
[root@2edae6f9e00c /]# cd /data
[root@2edae6f9e00c data]# ll
total 0
[root@2edae6f9e00c data]# exit
exit
[root@Node1 /]# cd data
[root@Node1 data]# ll
total 0
[root@Node1 data]# mkdir chen
[root@Node1 data]# vi shu
[root@Node1 data]# cat shu
new
[root@Node1 data]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Sep  6 15:52 chen
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4 Sep  6 07:52 shu
[root@Node1 data]# docker exec -it centos3 /bin/bash
[root@2edae6f9e00c /]# cd /data
[root@2edae6f9e00c data]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Sep  6 07:52 chen
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4 Sep  6 07:52 shu
[root@2edae6f9e00c data]# cat shu
new

查看容器信息

[root@Node1 data]# docker inspect centos3

查看ip

[root@Node1 data]# docker inspect --format='{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' centos3
172.17.0.3

挂起容器

[root@Node1 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED      STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
45f0876be2b3   tutum/centos   "/bin/bash"   5 days ago   Up 45 seconds   22/tcp    centos1
[root@Node1 ~]# docker pause 45f0
 #挂载
45f0
[root@Node1 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED      STATUS                   PORTS     NAMES
45f0876be2b3   tutum/centos   "/bin/bash"   5 days ago   Up 57 seconds (Paused)   22/tcp    centos1
[root@Node1 ~]# docker unpause 45f0
 #取消挂载
45f0
[root@Node1 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED      STATUS              PORTS     NAMES
45f0876be2b3   tutum/centos   "/bin/bash"   5 days ago   Up About a minute   22/tcp    centos1
[root@Node1 ~]#

删除容器

[root@Node1 data]# docker stop centos2
centos2
[root@Node1 data]# docker rm centos2
centos2
[root@Node1 data]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                  PORTS     NAMES
2edae6f9e00c   tutum/centos   "/run.sh"     46 minutes ago   Up 45 minutes           22/tcp    centos3
45f0876be2b3   tutum/centos   "/bin/bash"   4 days ago       Exited (0) 4 days ago             centos1