Node-Red通过物联网和树莓派进行通讯
物联网介绍
随着科技的迅速发展，物联网（Internet of Things，IoT）已成为一个备受关注的领域。物联网是指通过各种设备、传感器和网络连接，将物理世界与互联网相连接的概念。它为我们创造了一个无处不在的、智能化的数字环境，让我们的日常生活更加便捷和高效。
物联网的核心思想是让物体具备感知、交互和通信的能力。通过嵌入传感器和通信模块，物体可以实时感知环境信息，并将这些数据传输到云端进行处理和分析。这种实时数据交流和云端处理的方式，使得物体能够与其他物体、人类和计算机系统进行实时互动和合作。
物联网的应用领域广泛而多样。在智能家居领域，我们可以通过智能手机或语音助手控制家电、灯光、安防系统等，实现智能化的居家体验。在智慧城市中，物联网技术可以用于监测交通流量、优化能源使用、提供智能停车解决方案等，改善城市居民的生活质量。在工业领域，物联网的应用可以实现智能制造、远程监控和预测维护，提高生产效率和设备可靠性。
然而，物联网也面临着一些挑战和风险。数据安全和隐私保护是其中最重要的问题之一。大量的设备和传感器产生的数据需要进行安全的存储和传输，以防止信息泄露和网络攻击。此外，设备之间的互操作性和标准化也是一个挑战，因为不同厂商的设备可能采用不同的通信协议和数据格式。
总的来说，物联网是连接世界的未来。它为我们创造了无限的可能性，提供了更智能、更高效的生活和工作方式。
物联网协议（MQTT）
在物联网应用中，MQTT（Message Queuing Telemetry Transport）是一种重要的通信协议，它为设备间的高效数据交换提供了可靠的基础。本文将介绍MQTT是什么以及其基本原理。
MQTT是一种轻量级的发布/订阅协议，旨在解决低带宽、不稳定网络和资源有限设备的通信需求。它采用简单的二进制消息格式，具有协议开销小、带宽消耗低的特点，非常适用于物联网设备，尤其是那些资源有限的设备，如传感器、嵌入式系统和移动设备。
MQTT的基本原理建立在发布/订阅模型上。在MQTT中，设备可以通过发布消息将数据发送到特定的主题（Topic），而其他设备可以通过订阅相应的主题来接收这些消息。这种发布/订阅机制使得设备能够实时地传输和接收数据，实现设备间的实时通信。
在MQTT中，有三个关键角色：发布者（Publisher）、订阅者（Subscriber）和代理服务器（Broker）。发布者负责将数据发布到特定主题，订阅者则订阅感兴趣的主题以接收数据。而代理服务器（也称为Broker）则充当中介，负责接收来自发布者的消息，并将其传递给订阅者。
MQTT的消息质量等级（QoS级别）确保了消息的可靠性和交付顺序。MQTT支持三种QoS级别：
- QoS 0：最多一次交付，消息不进行确认，可能会丢失或重复传输。
- QoS 1：至少一次交付，消息进行确认，确保消息至少传输一次，但可能会重复传输。
- QoS 2：只有一次交付，消息进行确认和去重，确保消息仅传输一次。
MQTT协议的简单性和可靠性使得它成为物联网应用中的首选通信协议。无论是智能家居、工业自动化还是能源管理，MQTT都广泛应用于各种场景。此外，许多物联网平台和服务提供商也提供对MQTT协议的支持，为开发者提供便捷的开发和管理工具。它的低开销、发布/订阅模式和可靠性保证使得MQTT在物联网应用中具有重要的地位和广泛的应用。
代理服务器(Broker)：Mosquitto
本项目代理服务器(Broker)选择Mosquitto：
Mosquitto是一款轻量级的开源MQTT（Message Queuing Telemetry Transport）消息代理软件，最初由Eclipse IoT项目提供支持。
MQTT是一种轻量级、高效、基于发布/订阅模式的消息传递协议，广泛应用于物联网（IoT）和机器对机器（M2M）通信领域。Mosquitto提供了一个可扩展的、高性能的MQTT代理服务器，可以帮助开发人员在分布式系统中实现可靠的消息传递。
Mosquitto的特点包括：
- 轻量级和高效：Mosquitto使用C语言编写，占用系统资源非常少，可以在嵌入式系统上运行。同时，它还支持QoS（Quality of Service）服务质量控制，确保消息可靠传递。
- 安全性：Mosquitto支持TLS/SSL传输加密和客户端身份验证，保障消息传递的安全性。
- 易于集成：Mosquitto提供了多种编程语言的客户端库，包括C、Python、Java等，使得开发人员可以方便地将其集成到自己的应用程序中。
- 可扩展性：Mosquitto支持多个订阅者和发布者，并可通过多个代理构建分布式系统。
总之，Mosquitto是一个功能强大的MQTT代理软件，具有高效、可靠、安全、易于集成和可扩展等优点，非常适用于物联网和机器对机器通信领域。
官网地址：http://www.mosquitto.org
MQTT服务器地址：test.mosquitto.org
TCP 端口：1883
TCP/TLS 端口：8883
WebSockets 端口：8080
Websocket/TLS 端口：8081
树莓派接入物联网
关于树莓派初次使用环境搭建可以看我之前的文章：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/HeX_Maker/article/details/130050637
要在树莓派上安装MQTT库，您可以使用Python的pip包管理器。以下是使用pip安装paho-mqtt库的步骤：
-
打开终端或SSH连接到树莓派。
-
确保您的树莓派已连接到互联网。
-
运行以下命令来安装paho-mqtt库：
pip install paho-mqtt
这将自动下载并安装paho-mqtt库及其依赖项。
- 安装完成后，您可以在Python代码中导入paho-mqtt库并开始使用它。以下是一个简单的示例：
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
import time
# MQTT连接参数
broker_address = "test.mosquitto.org"
broker_port = 1883
client_id = "ddde89aafe584efb8359eb7e20f69dca"
topic = "time"
# 创建MQTT客户端实例
client = mqtt.Client(client_id)
# 连接到MQTT代理
client.connect(broker_address, broker_port)
# 无限循环，每隔一段时间发送当前时间到MQTT主题
while True:
# 获取当前时间并转换为字符串
current_time = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime())
# 将当前时间发布到MQTT主题
client.publish(topic, current_time)
# 等待5秒钟
time.sleep(5)
# 断开MQTT连接
client.disconnect()
Node-Red接入物联网
在左侧网络里找到“mqtt in”和“mqtt out” 分别代表接收和发送，如下图所示：
把“mqtt in” 拖入工作区后编辑MQTT服务器地址和TCP 端口即可：
树莓派通过物联网发送数
在本项目中树莓派传送的是传感器的温湿度数据，可以先看之前的DHT11连接树莓派教程：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/HeX_Maker/article/details/130119821 以及：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/HeX_Maker/article/details/130795190
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
# MQTT连接参数
broker_address = "test.mosquitto.org"
broker_port = 1883
client_id = "ddde89aafe584efb8359eb7e20f69dca"
topic = "time"
# 创建MQTT客户端实例
client = mqtt.Client(client_id)
# 连接到MQTT代理
client.connect(broker_address, broker_port)
def delayMicrosecond(t):
start,end=0,0
start=time.time()
t=(t-3)/1000000
while end-start<t:
end=time.time()
tmp0=[] # Used to store the read data
tmp1=[]
tmp2=[]
data0 = 17 # DHT11 BCM
data1 = 27
data2 = 22
a,b=0,0
def DHT11_0():
GPIO.setup(data0, GPIO.OUT) # GPIO OUTPUT
GPIO.output(data0,GPIO.HIGH)
delayMicrosecond(10*1000) # delay 10ms
GPIO.output(data0,GPIO.LOW)
delayMicrosecond(25*1000) # delay 25ms
GPIO.output(data0,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.setup(data0, GPIO.IN) # GPIO INPUT
a=time.time() # Recording cycle start time
while GPIO.input(data0):
b=time.time() # time the record ended
if (b-a)>0.1: #Determine whether the cycle time exceeds 0.1 seconds to avoid the program from entering an infinite loop and getting stuck
break
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data0)==0:
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data0):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>=0.1:
break
for i in range(40):
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data0)==0:
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
delayMicrosecond(28) # delay 28 microseconds
if GPIO.input(data0): # After more than 28 microseconds, it is judged whether it is still at a high level
tmp0.append(1) # Record the received bit as 1
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data0): # Loop until the input is low
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
else:
tmp0.append(0) # Record the received bit as 0
def DHT11_1():
GPIO.setup(data1, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(data1,GPIO.HIGH)
delayMicrosecond(10*1000)
GPIO.output(data1,GPIO.LOW)
delayMicrosecond(25*1000)
GPIO.output(data1,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.setup(data1, GPIO.IN)
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data1):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data1)==0:
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data1):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>=0.1:
break
for i in range(40):
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data1)==0:
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
delayMicrosecond(28)
if GPIO.input(data1):
tmp1.append(1)
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data1):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
else:
tmp1.append(0)
def DHT11_2():
GPIO.setup(data2, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(data2,GPIO.HIGH)
delayMicrosecond(10*1000)
GPIO.output(data2,GPIO.LOW)
delayMicrosecond(25*1000)
GPIO.output(data2,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.setup(data2, GPIO.IN)
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data2):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data2)==0:
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data2):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>=0.1:
break
for i in range(40):
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data2)==0:
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
delayMicrosecond(28)
if GPIO.input(data2):
tmp2.append(1)
a=time.time()
while GPIO.input(data2):
b=time.time()
if (b-a)>0.1:
break
else:
tmp2.append(0)
# 无限循环，每隔一段时间发送当前时间到MQTT主题
while True:
# 获取当前时间并转换为字符串
# current_time = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime())
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
del tmp0[0:] #delete list
del tmp1[0:]
del tmp2[0:]
time.sleep(1) # Delay 1 second
DHT11_0()
DHT11_1()
DHT11_2()
now = time.strftime('%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S', time.localtime())
humidity0_bit=tmp0[0:8] # Delimited list, bits 0 to 7 are humidity integer data
humidity0_point_bit=tmp0[8:16]# Humidity Decimals
temperature0_bit=tmp0[16:24] # Integer temperature
temperature0_point_bit=tmp0[24:32] # temperature decimal
check0_bit=tmp0[32:40] # check data
humidity1_bit=tmp1[0:8]
humidity1_point_bit=tmp1[8:16]
temperature1_bit=tmp1[16:24]
temperature1_point_bit=tmp1[24:32]
check1_bit=tmp1[32:40]
humidity2_bit=tmp2[0:8]
humidity2_point_bit=tmp2[8:16]
temperature2_bit=tmp2[16:24]
temperature2_point_bit=tmp2[24:32]
check2_bit=tmp2[32:40]
humidity0_int=0
humidity0_point=0
temperature0_int=0
temperature0_point=0
humidity1_int=0
humidity1_point=0
temperature1_int=0
temperature1_point=0
humidity2_int=0
humidity2_point=0
temperature2_int=0
temperature2_point=0
check0=0
check1=0
check2=0
for i in range(8): # convert binary to decimal
humidity0_int+=humidity0_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
humidity1_int+=humidity1_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
humidity2_int+=humidity2_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
humidity0_point+=humidity0_point_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
humidity1_point+=humidity1_point_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
humidity2_point+=humidity2_point_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
temperature0_int+=temperature0_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
temperature1_int+=temperature1_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
temperature2_int+=temperature2_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
temperature0_point+=temperature0_point_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
temperature1_point+=temperature1_point_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
temperature2_point+=temperature2_point_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
check0+=check0_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
check1+=check1_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
check2+=check2_bit[i]*2**(7-i)
humidity0=humidity0_int+humidity0_point/10
temperature0=temperature0_int+temperature0_point/10
humidity1=humidity1_int+humidity1_point/10
temperature1=temperature1_int+temperature1_point/10
humidity2=humidity2_int+humidity2_point/10
temperature2=temperature2_int+temperature2_point/10
check0_tmp0=humidity0_int+humidity0_point+temperature0_int+temperature0_point
check1_tmp1=humidity1_int+humidity1_point+temperature1_int+temperature1_point
check2_tmp2=humidity2_int+humidity2_point+temperature2_int+temperature2_point
if check0==check0_tmp0 and temperature0!=0 and temperature0!=0 and check1==check1_tmp1 and temperature1!=0 and temperature1!=0 and check2==check2_tmp2 and temperature2!=0 and temperature2!=0 : # 判断数据是否正常
print("Temperature0 is ", temperature0,"C\nHumidity0 is ",humidity0,"%")# Print the temperature and humidity data
print("Temperature1 is ", temperature1,"C\nHumidity1 is ",humidity1,"%")
print("Temperature2 is ", temperature2,"C\nHumidity2 is ",humidity2,"%")
print(now)
#ser.write(temperature0_int)
temperature00 = str(temperature0)
humidity00 = str(humidity0)
#th00 = temperature00 + ";" + humidity00
#ser.write(th00.encode())
#ser.write(temperature00.encode())
temperature11 = str(temperature1)
humidity11 = str(humidity1)
#th11 = temperature11 + ";" + humidity11
#ser.write(th11.encode())
temperature22 = str(temperature2)
humidity22 = str(humidity2)
current_th = temperature00 + ";" + humidity00 + ";" + temperature11 + ";" + humidity11 + ";" + temperature22 + ";" + humidity22 + ";" +now
# ser.write(th.encode())
# 将当前时间发布到MQTT主题
client.publish(topic, current_th)
else:
print("error")
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.cleanup()
# 断开MQTT连接
client.disconnect()
Node-Red显示从树莓派发来的数据
把之前教程（https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/HeX_Maker/article/details/130795190）中的串口改成mqtt即可：
node-red可以把整个流程用代码的形式导出，复制以下的代码并导入就可以直接生成和上图一样的流程
[
{
"id": "f18286a1ec016066",
"type": "tab",
"label": "MQTT",
"disabled": false,
"info": "",
"env": []
},
{
"id": "f6aeb07f6fc5262f",
"type": "function",
"z": "f18286a1ec016066",
"name": "function 7",
"func": "var inputStr = msg.payload; // 获取输入的字符串\nvar nums = inputStr.split(\";\"); // 使用分号分隔符拆分字符串\nvar num0 = Number(nums[0]); // 将第一个数字字符串转换为数字\nvar num1 = Number(nums[1]); // 将第二个数字字符串转换为数字\nvar num2 = Number(nums[2]); // 将第三个数字字符串转换为数字\nvar num3 = Number(nums[3]);\nvar num4 = Number(nums[4]);\nvar num5 = Number(nums[5]);\nvar num6 = nums[6];\n//msg.payload = \"Number 1: \" + num1 + \" | Number 2: \" + num2; // 将两个数字组合成一个输出字符串\n\nvar msg0 = { payload: num0 };\nvar msg1 = { payload: num1 };\nvar msg2 = { payload: num2 };\nvar msg3 = { payload: num3 };\nvar msg4 = { payload: num4 };\nvar msg5 = { payload: num5 };\nvar msg6 = { payload: num6 };\nreturn [msg0, msg1, msg2, msg3, msg4, msg5, msg6];\n",
"outputs": 7,
"noerr": 0,
"initialize": "",
"finalize": "",
"libs": [],
"x": 400,
"y": 160,
"wires": [
[
"134bc89dda5d30a1",
"183c772091bf631f",
"4e593a1812ab11e6"
],
[
"c04d9587d73ea98a",
"b3ba6aab08db9e4b",
"f40d833e299dff69",
"d5f77bf4cf3d9926"
],
[
"c839cfbedbeb3dd6",
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"5ff5f93bdd4c5d85",
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[
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"ee867cdeaec95478",
"fa876b454093c34d"
],
[
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"60d1d6d3a982717c",
"602885d958e087c5",
"fdd532709b877ef3"
],
[
"ba4d8082eccf1b3e",
"4b2440884b7feeb7",
"a9bfd3b3ae6441ab",
"eebae5be22fb272f"
],
[
"f2c9c64e6cb8a163",
"87947cb7f6512ab7"
]
]
},
{
"id": "134bc89dda5d30a1",
"type": "debug",
"z": "f18286a1ec016066",
"name": "t0",
"active": false,
"tosidebar": true,
"console": false,
"tostatus": false,
"complete": "payload",
"targetType": "msg",
"statusVal": "",
"statusType": "auto",
"x": 830,
"y": 60,
"wires": []
},
{
"id": "c04d9587d73ea98a",
"type": "debug",
"z": "f18286a1ec016066",
"name": "h0",
"active": false,
"tosidebar": true,
"console": false,
"tostatus": false,
"complete": "payload",
"targetType": "msg",
"statusVal": "",
"statusType": "auto",
"x": 830,
"y": 100,
"wires": []
},
{
"id": "c839cfbedbeb3dd6",
"type": "debug",
"z": "f18286a1ec016066",
"name": "t1",
"active": false,
"tosidebar": true,
"console": false,
"tostatus": false,
"complete": "payload",
"targetType": "msg",
"statusVal": "",
"statusType": "auto",
"x": 830,
"y": 140,
"wires": []
},
{
"id": "b3ba6aab08db9e4b",
"type": "ui_gauge",
"z": "f18286a1ec016066",
"name": "",
"group": "5283c2abfc1b5a75",
"order": 3,
"width": 0,
"height": 0,
"gtype": "gage",
"title": "humidity0",
"label": "%",
"format": "{{value}}",
"min": "-100",
"max": "100",
"colors": [
"#00b500",
"#e6e600",
"#ca3838"
],
"seg1": "",
"seg2": "",
"diff": false,
"className": "",
"x": 680,
"y": 100,
"wires": []
},
{
"id": "d34b5feaeebcd14f",
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"group": "3e841485a4d36b4a",
"order": 2,
"width": 0,
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"gtype": "gage",
"title": "Temperatur1",
"label": "C",
"format": "{{value}}",
"min": "-10",
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