引言
JAVA简易日志门面（Simple Logging Facade for Java，缩写SLF4J），是一套包装Logging 框架的界面程式，以外观模式实现。可以在软件部署的时候决定要使用的 Logging 框架，目前主要支援的有Java Logging API、log4j及logback等框架。以MIT 授权方式发布。
SLF4J 的作者就是 log4j 的作者 Ceki Gülcü，他宣称 SLF4J 比 log4j 更有效率，而且比 Apache Commons Logging (JCL) 简单、稳定。
目录
- 与log4j的比较
- SLF4J警告或错误及它们的含义
1、与log4j的比较
- log4j 提供 TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR 及 FATAL 六种纪录等级，但是 SLF4J 认为 ERROR 与 FATAL 并没有实质上的差别，所以拿掉了 FATAL 等级，只剩下其他五种。
- 大部分人在程序里面会去写logger.error(exception),其实这个时候log4j回去把这个exception tostring。真正的写法应该是logger(message.exception);而slf4j就不会使得程序员犯这个错误。
- log4j间接的在鼓励程序员使用string相加的写法，而slf4j就不会有这个问题 ,你可以使用logger.error(“{} is+serviceid”,serviceid);
- 使用slf4j可以方便的使用其提供的各种集体的实现的jar。（类似commons-logger）
- 从commons–logger和log4j merge非常方便，slf4j也提供了一个swing的tools来帮助大家完成这个merge。
- 提供字串内容替换的功能，会比较有效率，说明如下：
// 传统的字符串产生方式，如果没有要记录Debug等级的信息，就会浪费时间在产生不必要的信息上
logger.debug("There are now " + count + " user accounts: " + userAccountList);
// 为了避免上述问题，我们可以先检查是不是开启了Debug信息记录功能，只是程序的编码会比较复杂
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("There are now " + count + " user accounts: " + userAccountList);
}
// 如果Debug等级没有开启，则不会产生不必要的字符串，同时也能保持程序编码的简洁
logger.debug("There are now {} user accounts: {}", count, userAccountList); - SLF4J 只支持 MDC，不支持 NDC。
2、SLf4的警告或错误及它们的含义
The method o.a.commons.logging.impl.SLF4FLogFactory#release was invoked.
Given the structure of the commons-logging API, in particular as implemented by SLF4J, the o.a.commons.logging.impl.SLF4FLogFactory#release() method should never be called. However, depending on the deployment of commons-logging.jar files in your servlet container, release() method may be unexpectedly invoked by a copy of org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory class shipping with commons-logging.jar.This is a relatively common occurrence with recent versions of Tomcat, especially if you place jcl-over-slf4j.jar in WEB-INF/lib directory of your web-application instead of $TOMCAT_HOME/common/lib, where $TOMCAT_HOME stands for the directory where Tomcat is installed. In order to fully benefit from the stability offered by jcl-over-slf4j.jar, we recommend that you place jcl-over-slf4j.jar in $TOMCAT_HOME/common/lib without placing a copy in your web-applications.Operation [suchAndSuch] is not supported in jcl-over-slf4j.
An UnsupportedOperationException is thrown whenever one of the protected methods introduced in JCL 1.1 are invoked. These methods are invoked by LogFactory implementations shipping with commons-logging.jar. However, the LogFactory implemented by jcl-over-slf4j.jar, namely SLF4FLogFactory, does not call any of these methods.If you observe this problem, then it is highly probable that you have a copy of commons-logging.jar in your class path overriding the classes shipping with jcl-over-slf4j.jar. Note that this issue is very similar in nature to the warning issued when the "o.a.commons.logging.impl.SLF4FLogFactory.release()" method is invoked, discussed in the previous item.Detected logger name mismatch
Logger name mismatch warnings are printed only if the slf4j.detectLoggerNameMismatch system property is set to true. By default, this property is not set and no warnings will be printed even in case of a logger name mismatch.**Since 1.7.9**The warning will be printed in case the name of the logger specified via a class passed as an argument to the LoggerFactory.getLogger(Class) method differs from the name of the caller as computed internally by SLF4J.For example, the following code snippet：package com.acme;
import com.foo.Kangaroo;
class Fruit {
Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Kangaroo.class);
}will result in the warning
SLF4J: Detected logger name mismatch. Given name: "com.foo.Kangaroo"; computed name: "com.acme.Fruit".but only if slf4j.detectLoggerNameMismatch system property is set to true.
No warning will be issued for the special case where the class in which the logger is defined is a super-type of the class parameter passed as argument. For example,
class A {
Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
}
class B extends A {
// no mismatch warning will be issued when B is instantiated
// given that class A is a super-type of class B
}If you come across a mismatch warning which cannot be explained, then you might have spotted a white elephant, that is a very rare occurrence where SLF4J cannot correctly compute the name of the class where a logger is defined. We are very interested to learn about such cases. If and when you spot an inexplicable mismatch, please do file a bug report with us.
Failed to load class org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder
This error is reported when the org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder class could not be loaded into memory. This happens when no appropriate SLF4J binding could be found on the class path. Placing one (and only one) of slf4j-nop.jar, slf4j-simple.jar, slf4j-log4j12.jar, slf4j-jdk14.jar or logback-classic.jar on the class path should solve the problem.**SINCE 1.6.0:**As of SLF4J version 1.6, in the absence of a binding, SLF4J will default to a no-operation (NOP) logger implementation.
You can download SLF4J bindings from the project **download page**.Multiple bindings were found on the class path
SLF4J API is designed to bind with one and only one underlying logging framework at a time. If more than one binding is present on the class path, SLF4J will emit a warning, listing the location of those bindings.
When multiple bindings are available on the class path, select one and only one binding you wish to use, and remove the other bindings. For example, if you have both slf4j-simple-1.7.12.jar and slf4j-nop-1.7.12.jar on the class path and you wish to use the nop (no-operation) binding, then remove slf4j-simple-1.7.12.jar from the class path.
The list of locations that SLF4J provides in this warning usually provides sufficient information to identify the dependency transitively pulling in an unwanted SLF4J binding into your project. In your project’s pom.xml file, exclude this SLF4J binding when declaring the unscrupulous dependency. For example, cassandra-all version 0.8.1 declares both log4j and slf4j-log4j12 as compile-time dependencies. Thus, when you include cassandra-all as a dependency in your project, the cassandra-all declaration will cause both slf4j-log4j12.jar and log4j.jar to be pulled in as dependencies. In case you do not wish to use log4j as the the SLF4J backend, you can instruct Maven to exclude these two artifacts as shown next:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId> org.apache.cassandra</groupId>
<artifactId>cassandra-all</artifactId>
<version>0.8.1</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
</exclusion>
<exclusion>
<groupId>log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
</dependencies>NOTE:The warning emitted by SLF4J is just that, a warning. Even when multiple bindings are present, SLF4J will pick one logging framework/implementation and bind with it. The way SLF4J picks a binding is determined by the JVM and for all practical purposes should be considered random. As of version 1.6.6, SLF4J will name the framework/implementation class it is actually bound to.
Embedded components such as libraries or frameworks should not declare a dependency on any SLF4J binding but only depend on slf4j-api. When a library declares a compile-time dependency on a SLF4J binding, it imposes that binding on the end-user, thus negating SLF4J’s purpose. When you come across an embedded component declaring a compile-time dependency on any SLF4J binding, please take the time to contact the authors of said component/library and kindly ask them to mend their ways.
slf4j-api version does not match that of the binding
An SLF4J binding designates an artifact such as slf4j-jdk14.jar or slf4j-log4j12.jar used to bind slf4j to an underlying logging framework, say, java.util.logging and respectively log4j.
Mixing mixing different versions of slf4j-api.jar and SLF4J binding can cause problems. For example, if you are using slf4j-api-1.7.12.jar, then you should also use slf4j-simple-1.7.12.jar, using slf4j-simple-1.5.5.jar will not work.NOTE: From the client’s perspective all versions of slf4j-api are compatible. Client code compiled with slf4j-api-N.jar will run perfectly fine with slf4j-api-M.jar for any N and M. You only need to ensure that the version of your binding matches that of the slf4j-api.jar. You do not have to worry about the version of slf4j-api.jar used by a given dependency in your project. You can always use any version of slf4j-api.jar, and as long as the version of slf4j-api.jar and its binding match, you should be fine.
At initialization time, if SLF4J suspects that there may be a api vs. binding version mismatch problem, it will emit a warning about the suspected mismatch.
Logging factory implementation cannot be null
This error is reported when the LoggerFactory class could not find an appropriate binding. Placing one (and only one) of slf4j-nop.jar, slf4j-simple.jar, slf4j-log4j12.jar, slf4j-jdk14.jar or logback-classic.jar on the class path should prove to be an effective remedy.Detected both log4j-over-slf4j.jar AND slf4j-log4j12.jar on the class path, preempting StackOverflowError.
The purpose of slf4j-log4j12 module is to delegate or redirect calls made to an SLF4J logger to log4j. The purpose of the log4j-over-slf4j module is to redirect calls made to a log4j logger to SLF4J. If both slf4j-log4j12.jar and log4j-over-slf4j.jar are present on the class path, a StackOverflowError will inevitably occur immediately after the first invocation of an SLF4J or a log4j logger.
Here is how the exception might look like:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StackOverflowError
at java.util.Hashtable.containsKey(Hashtable.java:306)
at org.apache.log4j.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:36)
at org.apache.log4j.LogManager.getLogger(LogManager.java:39)
at org.slf4j.impl.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:73)
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:249)
at org.apache.log4j.Category.<init>(Category.java:53)
at org.apache.log4j.Logger..<init>(Logger.java:35)
at org.apache.log4j.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:39)
at org.apache.log4j.LogManager.getLogger(LogManager.java:39)
at org.slf4j.impl.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:73)
at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:249)
at org.apache.log4j.Category..<init>(Category.java:53)
at org.apache.log4j.Logger..<init>(Logger.java:35)
at org.apache.log4j.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:39)
at org.apache.log4j.LogManager.getLogger(LogManager.java:39)
subsequent lines omitted...SINCE 1.5.11： SLF4J software preempts the inevitable stack overflow error by throwing an exception with details about the actual cause of the problem. This is deemed to be better than leaving the user wondering about the reasons of the StackOverflowError.
For more background on this topic see Bridging legacy APIs.
Failed to load class “org.slf4j.impl.StaticMDCBinder”
This error indicates that appropriate SLF4J binding could not be found on the class path. Placing one (and only one) of slf4j-nop.jar, slf4j-simple.jar, slf4j-log4j12.jar, slf4j-jdk14.jar or logback-classic.jar on the class path should solve the problem.
MDCAdapter cannot be null
This error is reported when org.slf4j.MDC class has not been initialized correctly. Same cause and remedy as the previously listed item.
SLF4J versions 1.4.0 and later requires log4j 1.2.12 or later
The trace level was added to log4j in version 1.2.12 released on August 29, 2005. The trace level was added to the SLF4J API in version 1.4.0 on May 16th, 2007. Thus, starting with SLF4J 1.4.0, the log4j binding for SLF4J requires log4j version 1.2.12 or above.
However, as reported in bug 68, in some environments it may be difficult to upgrade the log4j version. To accommodate such circumstances, SLF4J’s Log4jLoggerAdapter will map the TRACE level as DEBUG.
Substitute loggers were created during the default configuration phase of the underlying logging system
Highly configurable logging systems such as logback and log4j may create components which invoke loggers during their own initialization. See issue LOGBACK-127 for a typical occurrence. However, since the binding process with SLF4J has not yet completed (because the underlying logging system was not yet completely loaded into memory), it is not possible to honor such logger creation requests.
To avoid this chicken-and-egg problem, SLF4J creates substitute loggers during this phase (initialization). Calls made to the substitute loggers during this phase are simply dropped. After the initialization completes, the substitute logger will delegate logging calls to the appropriate logger implementation and otherwise will function as any other logger returned by LoggerFactory.
If any substitute logger had to be created, SLF4J will emit a a listing of such loggers. This list is intended to let you know that any logging calls made to these loggers during initialization have been dropped.
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