非极大值抑制-NMS

在目标检测任务中，滑动窗口经过特征提取和分类器识别后，每个窗口会得到一个分数，但滑动窗口胡导致很多窗口之间存在较大交叉重叠的情况，使用NMS可以选取在相邻区域相互交叉但得分最高的候选框，剔除那些得分低的候选框。

检测之后的候选框集合用B表示，每个候选框的置信度用S表示，IOU阈值设置为T，NMS的实现步骤可以总结为：

1.在候选框集合B中选择具有最大置信度S的候选框M

2.将M从候选框集合B中移除，并加入到最终的检测结果D中

3.将B中剩余候选框和M进行IOU计算，从B中剔除IOU值大于阈值T的候选框

4.重复上面的步骤，直到候选框集合B为空

# --------------------------------------------------------
# Fast R-CNN
# Copyright (c) 2015 Microsoft
# Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details]
# Written by Ross Girshick
# --------------------------------------------------------

import numpy as np

def py_cpu_nms(dets, thresh):
    """Pure Python NMS baseline."""
    #x1、y1、x2、y2、以及score赋值
    x1 = dets[:, 0]
    y1 = dets[:, 1]
    x2 = dets[:, 2]
    y2 = dets[:, 3]
    scores = dets[:, 4]
	#每一个检测框的面积
    areas = (x2 - x1 + 1) * (y2 - y1 + 1)
    #按照score置信度降序排序
    order = scores.argsort()[::-1]
    #保留的结果框集合
    keep = []
    while order.size > 0:
        i = order[0]
        #保留该类剩余box中得分最高的一个
        keep.append(i)
        # 得到相交区域,左上及右下
        xx1 = np.maximum(x1[i], x1[order[1:]])
        yy1 = np.maximum(y1[i], y1[order[1:]])
        xx2 = np.minimum(x2[i], x2[order[1:]])
        yy2 = np.minimum(y2[i], y2[order[1:]])
	    #计算相交的面积,不重叠时面积为0
        w = np.maximum(0.0, xx2 - xx1 + 1)
        h = np.maximum(0.0, yy2 - yy1 + 1)
        inter = w * h
        #计算IoU：重叠面积 /（面积1+面积2-重叠面积）
        ovr = inter / (areas[i] + areas[order[1:]] - inter)
		# 保留IoU小于阈值的box
        inds = np.where(ovr <= thresh)[0]
        # 因为ovr数组的长度比order数组少一个,所以这里要将所有下标后移一位
        order = order[inds + 1]

	return keep

soft-nms

def cpu_soft_nms(np.ndarray[float, ndim=2] boxes, float sigma=0.5, float Nt=0.3, float threshold=0.001, unsigned int method=0):
    cdef unsigned int N = boxes.shape[0]
    cdef float iw, ih, box_area
    cdef float ua
    cdef int pos = 0
    cdef float maxscore = 0
    cdef int maxpos = 0
    cdef float x1,x2,y1,y2,tx1,tx2,ty1,ty2,ts,area,weight,ov

    for i in range(N):
        maxscore = boxes[i, 4]
        maxpos = i

        tx1 = boxes[i,0]
        ty1 = boxes[i,1]
        tx2 = boxes[i,2]
        ty2 = boxes[i,3]
        ts = boxes[i,4]

        pos = i + 1
    # get max box
        while pos < N:
            if maxscore < boxes[pos, 4]:
                maxscore = boxes[pos, 4]
                maxpos = pos
            pos = pos + 1

    # add max box as a detection
        boxes[i,0] = boxes[maxpos,0]
        boxes[i,1] = boxes[maxpos,1]
        boxes[i,2] = boxes[maxpos,2]
        boxes[i,3] = boxes[maxpos,3]
        boxes[i,4] = boxes[maxpos,4]

    # swap ith box with position of max box
        boxes[maxpos,0] = tx1
        boxes[maxpos,1] = ty1
        boxes[maxpos,2] = tx2
        boxes[maxpos,3] = ty2
        boxes[maxpos,4] = ts

        tx1 = boxes[i,0]
        ty1 = boxes[i,1]
        tx2 = boxes[i,2]
        ty2 = boxes[i,3]
        ts = boxes[i,4]

        pos = i + 1
    # NMS iterations, note that N changes if detection boxes fall below threshold
        while pos < N:
            x1 = boxes[pos, 0]
            y1 = boxes[pos, 1]
            x2 = boxes[pos, 2]
            y2 = boxes[pos, 3]
            s = boxes[pos, 4]

            area = (x2 - x1 + 1) * (y2 - y1 + 1)
            iw = (min(tx2, x2) - max(tx1, x1) + 1)
            if iw > 0:
                ih = (min(ty2, y2) - max(ty1, y1) + 1)
                if ih > 0:
                    ua = float((tx2 - tx1 + 1) * (ty2 - ty1 + 1) + area - iw * ih)
                    ov = iw * ih / ua #iou between max box and detection box

                    if method == 1: # linear
                        if ov > Nt:
                            weight = 1 - ov
                        else:
                            weight = 1
                    elif method == 2: # gaussian
                        weight = np.exp(-(ov * ov)/sigma)
                    else: # original NMS
                        if ov > Nt:
                            weight = 0
                        else:
                            weight = 1

                    boxes[pos, 4] = weight*boxes[pos, 4]

            # if box score falls below threshold, discard the box by swapping with last box
            # update N
                    if boxes[pos, 4] < threshold:
                        boxes[pos,0] = boxes[N-1, 0]
                        boxes[pos,1] = boxes[N-1, 1]
                        boxes[pos,2] = boxes[N-1, 2]
                        boxes[pos,3] = boxes[N-1, 3]
                        boxes[pos,4] = boxes[N-1, 4]
                        N = N - 1
                        pos = pos - 1

            pos = pos + 1

    keep = [i for i in range(N)]
    return keep