【论文精读】Detoxifying Large Language Models via Knowledge Editing

论文:Detoxifying Large Language Models via Knowledge Editing

作者:Mengru Wang1,2, Ningyu Zhang1,2∗, Ziwen Xu1,2, Zekun Xi1,2, Shumin Deng4, Yunzhi Yao1,2, Qishen Zhang3, Linyi Yang5, Jindong Wang6, Huajun Chen1,2∗

单位:浙江大学

发表:ACL2024

摘要

本文研究了如何利用知识编辑技术为大型语言模型(LLM)解毒。我们构建了一个基准--SafeEdit,它涵盖了九个不安全类别和各种强大的攻击提示,并配备了用于系统评估的综合指标。我们用几种知识编辑方法进行了实验,结果表明知识编辑有可能在对一般性能影响有限的情况下有效地为 LLM 解毒。然后,我们提出了一个简单而有效的基线,称为 "术中神经监测解毒(DINM)",通过一个实例在几个调整步骤内降低 LLM 的毒性。我们进一步深入分析了各种解毒方法的内部机制,证明之前的方法(如 SFT 和 DPO)可能只是抑制了有毒参数的激活,而 DINM 能在一定程度上减轻有毒参数的毒性,并进行永久性调整。我们希望这些见解能对今后开发解毒方法的工作以及 LLMs 的基本知识机制有所启发

动机

以往的方法如DPO只是抑制了有毒参数的激活,作者提出能否精确地改变 LLMs 中的有毒区域以实现解毒。

知识编辑

知识编辑的本源任务是对模型事实性地考察,应用于去毒任务是复杂的

利用知识编辑方法编辑模型,使模型从输出Yunsafe转变为输出Ysafe

方法

数据集构建

文章的贡献之一是创建了一个基于知识编辑任务的去毒数据集。

Benchmark Overview

使用GPT-4生成9个分类的60种不同问题,嵌套在越狱攻击模版中,生成安全/不安全的响应,构建由对抗性请求/安全响应/不安全响应构建的数据集Dedit,与正常知识响应的题库Aplace组成的Dcons进行拼接得到SafeEdit

评估指标

评估知识编辑前后,模型去毒效果有没有增强,以及模型基本性能是否受到影响

1. 防御成功率,测试数据集输入的防御结果

2. 防御通用型,OOD数据集输入的防御结果,包括训练数据集外的攻击模版、有害问题

3. 通用性能测试

DINM

DINM Overview

包括两步:

1. 去毒区域的定位

上述公式是层粒度下,每个模块的工作流程,作者指出MLP块可以抽象为两个神经网络

作者指出 hdown 由第一层神经网络决定,也就是由输入决定。W不由输入决定,并且在整个控制流中起到一定作用,因此被定义为有毒区域

作者以安全响应和不安全响应作为输入,对比寻找每层激活值的最大差,来判断有害层

2. 去毒编辑器

设置有毒区域参数可调,其他区域的参数冷冻。以(对抗性输入|安全回答)作为调整数据,调整有毒区域的参数

 t为调整T个时间步

 同时,另一个损失函数为不影响正常请求的损失

将两个损失线性相加可得最终的损失函数,通过反向传播最小化损失函数

理论依据

【1】定义有毒层时,为什么用响应作为判断依据?

【2】定义有毒区域时,为什么选择MLP层?

实验

比较了三个知识编辑的baseline方法:FT-L、MEND、Ext-Sub

以及消融实验,发现不微调时去毒效果下降最大,推出有毒层的定位是重要的

最后,作者将DINM与DPO,SFT传统去毒手段进行了对比,使用毒性探针检测层毒性和激活方向,作者发现,DPO和SFT没有降低层毒性而是转移了激活方向,相反DIMN降低了层毒性并没有转移激活方向

 

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Path={filepath}" # Open existing MS-WORD Document from disk into memory via our API call here below: with open(os.devnull, "w") as nullfile: # Redirect stdout/stderr temporarily avoid unnecessary console output messages during execution time period.. wdDoc = None try: wdDoc = word.Documents.Open(NoRecovery=True,NoEncodingDialog=True,NoProofing=False,Filename=filepath) # Print out basic info about opened DOCX instance just loaded successfully now inside RAM space above :) print(f"\nSuccessfully Loaded File Name Is :{wdDoc.Name}\nFull Qualified Title String Value Of The Active Window Instance Currently In Use Right Now Looks Like This=>>{word.ActiveWindow.Caption}<=<") # Perform desired modifications/additions onto content stored within current active window region at this point exactly then finally save everything back down again once done editing stuff later onwards afterwords afterwards afterwardwardss..... pass # Remember always cleanup resources properly whenever possible by 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