英语魔法师之语法俱乐部

初级句型——简单句

基本句型及补语

不及物动词：可以独立发生，不牵涉别的人或物：sb die

及物动词：必须发生在另一个对象身上：sb kill sb

be动词：后面没有补语，be动词解释为“存在”

I think , therefore I am . 人类因为能够思考，才能肯定自我的存在。

To be or not to be , that is a question . 要存在还是不要存在（生存还是毁灭），这是一个问题。

不定词短语

将助动词转化为不定词，判断使用动名词还是不定词

They plan to marry next month .

will marry = are going to marry = ( are giong ) to marry

I avoid making the same mistake twice .

  to make = will make 与原意不符

使役动词：具有强制性，结果是确定的、无从选择的，使用不能用不定词

The teacher made the girl stay behind .

形容词

属性形容词：越客观、不可变的特质越靠近名词，

越主观、临时、可变的因素越远离名词

The murderer left behind a bloody old black Italian leather golve .

          沾血的， 老旧的，黑色的，意大利制的，皮革制的

    可变的，临时的

定冠词：补语位置的形容词，比较级/最高级不需要加定冠词

语气

叙述事实语气（未来式）：当同时叙述两件未来的事情，且两者有关联，需要假设一件（表示时间或条件的从句）已经是事实（现在式），再去推论另一件事

I’ll be ready when he comes .

If you are late again , you’ll be fired .

假设语气：以动词过去形态来表达“非事实”

If I were you , I wouldn’t do it .

我不可能是你，所以用动词过去形态来表示“非事实”（委婉口吻）

If I had known earlier , I might have done something .

过去并不知道，假设知道==>“非事实”+ 已经是过去式，所以用过去完成时

If an asteroid(小行星) should hit the earth , man could die out .

未来的事情，不能确定==>“非事实”+ 未来时间，所以用过去将来时

介系词

点：at

Let's meet at the railway station .这里的火车站相当于地图上的一个点

线：on/along

We can go over the project on our way to Gaoxiong .

这里从到高雄的路线是一条线

We may go walk through the windy park , or drive along the beach .

沿着海滩，路线上是一条线

面：on

Several boats can be seen on the lake .在湖面上，是一个面

体：in

It's cool in the railway station , because they have air-conditioning there .

这里将火车站视为一个立体空间

between/among

between : 标示位置

Taizhong lies between Taibei and Tainan .

among : 属于其中之一

Among the major cities in Taiwan , Taizhong is the cleanest .

throw to /at

to : 方向：Please throw my keys to me .

at : 看成一个点：The kids are throwing rocks at the poor dog .

above /over (below/under同理)

above : 相对高度超过：Mt.Everest soars above all other peaks in the Alps .

over : 标示定点，在...上方The child couldn’t keep the umbrella over his head .

主语动词一致性

Every man and every woman has to do something for the country:

每个男人和每个女人=>每个人，所以用单数

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy .

一直工作=没有玩乐，本质上是一个意思，所以用单数

a number of /the number of

a number of : 数目（若干）A number of people have brought eggs to throw .

the number of : 指一个数值：The number of people in the park is fifty .

中级句型——复/合句

关系从句

that具有指示功能（关系从句中如有指示作用时才用that）

对等连接词与对等从句

对等连接词：在涵义，结构上对称

高级句型——简化通则

从属从句简化的通则

原则：省略主语与be动词，只保存补语部分

没有be动词：

有助动词，变成不定词

You must go at once . => You are to go at once .

没有助动词，变成Ving

John remembers that he saw the lady before .

=> John remembers seeing the lady before .

形容词从句简化

原则：省略重复的元素

The man is here .  +  You asked about him .

=> The man whom you asked about is here .

=> The man you asked about is here .

名词从句简化

原则：省略主语与be动词，只保存补语部分

Ving主语位置：

That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment .

=> Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment .

Ving宾语位置：

Many husbands enjoy that they do the cooking .

=> Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking .

Ving补语位置：

His favourite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends .

=> His favourite pastime is going fishing on weekends .

主语不能省略时：（3）

改成 S+V+O+C 句型

I imagined that a girl was singing to me .

=> I imagined a girl singing to me .

所有格处理

That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me .

=> His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me .

加介系词来处理（S+V+C）

I am worried that my son lies all the time .

=> I am worried about my son lying all the time .

副词从句简化

要求：主语只有在与主要从句相同时才可省略

倒装句

比较级倒装：

Gilrs like cats more than boys .

=> Gilrs like cats more than do boys , who as a rule are a cruel lot .

关系从句倒装：

The President is a man . + A heavy responsibility , whether he likes it or not , falls on him .

=> The President is a man on whom falls a heavy responsibility , whether he likes it or not .

假设语气倒装：

If I had been there , I could have done something to help .

=> Had I been there , I could have done something to help .

否定副词开头的倒装：

We don’t have such luck every day .

=> Not every day do we have such luck .