Linux iptables防火墙构建示例

最新推荐文章于 2025-12-30 11:35:54 发布

翻译最新推荐文章于 2025-12-30 11:35:54 发布 · 997 阅读

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#防火墙 #linux #tcp #server #output #input

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本文详细介绍了如何在Linux系统中配置防火墙策略，包括基本设置、规则创建、链表管理及常用服务的访问控制，旨在提高系统的安全性。

#!/bin/sh /sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp CONNECTION_TRACKING="1" ACCEPT_AUTH="0" DHCP_CLIENT="0" IPT="/sbin/iptables" # Location of iptables on your system INTERNET="eth0" # Internet-connected interface LOOPBACK_INTERFACE="lo" # however your system names it IPADDR="my.ip.address" # your IP address SUBNET_BASE="network.address" # ISP network segment base address SUBNET_BROADCAST="directed.broadcast" # network segment broadcast address MY_ISP="my.isp.address.range" # ISP server & NOC address range NAMESERVER_1="isp.name.server.1" # address of a remote name server NAMESERVER_2="isp.name.server.2" # address of a remote name server NAMESERVER_3="isp.name.server.3" # address of a remote name server POP_SERVER="isp.pop.server" # address of a remote pop server MAIL_SERVER="isp.mail.server" # address of a remote mail gateway NEWS_SERVER="isp.news.server" # address of a remote news server TIME_SERVER="some.timne.server" # address of a remote time server DHCP_SERVER="isp.dhcp.server" # address of your ISP dhcp server SSH_CLIENT="some.ssh.client" LOOPBACK="127.0.0.0/8" # reserved loopback address range CLASS_A="10.0.0.0/8" # Class A private networks CLASS_B="172.16.0.0/12" # Class B private networks CLASS_C="192.168.0.0/16" # Class C private networks CLASS_D_MULTICAST="224.0.0.0/4" # Class D multicast addresses CLASS_E_RESERVED_NET="240.0.0.0/5" # Class E reserved addresses BROADCAST_SRC="0.0.0.0" # broadcast source address BROADCAST_DEST="255.255.255.255" # broadcast destination address PRIVPORTS="0:1023" # well-known, privileged port range UNPRIVPORTS="1024:65535" # unprivileged port range NFS_PORT="2049" LOCKD_PORT="4045" SOCKS_PORT="1080" OPENWINDOWS_PORT="2000" XWINDOW_PORTS="6000:6063" SQUID_PORT="3128" # traceroute usually uses -S 32769:65535 -D 33434:33523 TRACEROUTE_SRC_PORTS="32769:65535" TRACEROUTE_DEST_PORTS="33434:33523" USER_CHAINS="EXT-input EXT-output / tcp-state-flags connection-tracking / source-address-check destination-address-check / local-dns-server-query remote-dns-server-response / local-tcp-client-request remote-tcp-server-response / remote-tcp-client-request local-tcp-server-response / local-udp-client-request remote-udp-server-response / local-dhcp-client-query remote-dhcp-server-response / EXT-icmp-out EXT-icmp-in / EXT-log-in EXT-log-out / log-tcp-state" ############################################################### # Enable broadcast echo Protection echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts # Disable Source Routed Packets for f in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/accept_source_route; do echo 0 > $f done # Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies # Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance for f in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/accept_redirects; do echo 0 > $f done # Don't send Redirect Messages for f in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/send_redirects; do echo 0 > $f done # Drop Spoofed Packets coming in on an interface, which, if replied to, # would result in the reply going out a different interface. for f in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/rp_filter; do echo 1 > $f done # Log packets with impossible addresses. for f in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/log_martians; do echo 1 > $f done ############################################################### # Remove any existing rules from all chains $IPT --flush $IPT -t nat --flush $IPT -t mangle --flush $IPT -X $IPT -t nat -X $IPT -t mangle -X $IPT --policy INPUT ACCEPT $IPT --policy OUTPUT ACCEPT $IPT --policy FORWARD ACCEPT $IPT -t nat --policy PREROUTING ACCEPT $IPT -t nat --policy OUTPUT ACCEPT $IPT -t nat --policy POSTROUTING ACCEPT $IPT -t mangle --policy PREROUTING ACCEPT $IPT -t mangle --policy OUTPUT ACCEPT if [ "$1" = "stop" ] then echo "Firewall completely stopped! WARNING: THIS HOST HAS NO FIREWALL RUNNING." exit 0 fi # Unlimited traffic on the loopback interface $IPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT $IPT -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT # Set the default policy to drop $IPT --policy INPUT DROP $IPT --policy OUTPUT DROP $IPT --policy FORWARD DROP $IPT -t nat --policy PREROUTING DROP $IPT -t nat --policy OUTPUT DROP $IPT -t nat --policy POSTROUTING DROP $IPT -t mangle --policy PREROUTING DROPT $IPT -t mangle --policy OUTPUT DROP # Create the user-defined chains for i in $USER_CHAINS; do $IPT -N $i done ############################################################### # DNS Caching Name Server (query to remote, primary server) $IPT -A EXT-output -p udp --sport 53 --dport 53 / -j local-dns-server-query $IPT -A EXT-input -p udp --sport 53 --dport 53 / -j remote-dns-server-response # DNS Caching Name Server (query to remote server over TCP) $IPT -A EXT-output -p tcp / --sport $UNPRIVPORTS --dport 53 / -j local-dns-server-query $IPT -A EXT-input -p tcp ! --syn / --sport 53 --dport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j remote-dns-server-response ############################################################### # DNS Forwarding Name Server or client requests if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-dns-server-query / -d $NAMESERVER_1 / -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT $IPT -A local-dns-server-query / -d $NAMESERVER_2 / -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT $IPT -A local-dns-server-query / -d $NAMESERVER_3 / -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-dns-server-query / -d $NAMESERVER_1 -j ACCEPT $IPT -A local-dns-server-query / -d $NAMESERVER_2 -j ACCEPT $IPT -A local-dns-server-query / -d $NAMESERVER_3 -j ACCEPT # DNS server responses to local requests $IPT -A remote-dns-server-response / -s $NAMESERVER_1 -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-dns-server-response / -s $NAMESERVER_2 -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-dns-server-response / -s $NAMESERVER_3 -j ACCEPT ############################################################### # Local TCP client, remote server $IPT -A EXT-output -p tcp / --sport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j local-tcp-client-request $IPT -A EXT-input -p tcp ! --syn / --dport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j remote-tcp-server-response ############################################################### # Local TCP client output and remote server input chains # SSH client if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d <selected host> --dport 22 / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d <selected host> --dport 22 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / -s <selected host> --sport 22 / -j ACCEPT #............................................................... # Client rules for HTTP, HTTPS, AUTH, and FTP control requests if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -m multiport --destination-port 80,443,21 / --syn -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -m multiport --destination-port 80,443,21 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-tcp-server-response -p tcp / -m multiport --source-port 80,443,21 ! --syn / -j ACCEPT #............................................................... # POP client if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d $POP_SERVER --dport 110 / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d $POP_SERVER --dport 110 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / -s $POP_SERVER --sport 110 / -j ACCEPT #............................................................... # SMTP mail client if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d $MAIL_SERVER --dport 25 / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d $MAIL_SERVER --dport 25 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / -s $MAIL_SERVER --sport 25 / -j ACCEPT #............................................................... # Usenet news client if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d $NEWS_SERVER --dport 119 / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -d $NEWS_SERVER --dport 119 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / -s $NEWS_SERVER --sport 119 / -j ACCEPT #............................................................... # FTP client - passive mode data channel connection if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / --dport $UNPRIVPORTS / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-tcp-client-request -p tcp / --dport $UNPRIVPORTS -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / --sport $UNPRIVPORTS -j ACCEPT ############################################################### # Local TCP server, remote client $IPT -A EXT-input -p tcp / --sport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j remote-tcp-client-request $IPT -A EXT-output -p tcp ! --syn / --dport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j local-tcp-server-response # Kludge for incoming FTP data channel connections # from remote servers using port mode. # The state modules treat this connection as RELATED # if the ip_conntrack_ftp module is loaded. $IPT -A EXT-input -p tcp / --sport 20 --dport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A EXT-output -p tcp ! --syn / --sport $UNPRIVPORTS --dport 20 / -j ACCEPT ############################################################### # Remote TCP client input and local server output chains # SSH server if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A remote-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -s <selected host> --destination-port 22 / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A remote-tcp-client-request -p tcp / -s <selected host> --destination-port 22 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A local-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / --source-port 22 -d <selected host> / -j ACCEPT #............................................................... # AUTH identd server if [ "$ACCEPT_AUTH" = "0" ]; then $IPT -A remote-tcp-client-request -p tcp / --destination-port 113 / -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset else $IPT -A remote-tcp-client-request -p tcp / --destination-port 113 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A local-tcp-server-response -p tcp ! --syn / --source-port 113 / -j ACCEPT fi ############################################################### # Local UDP client, remote server $IPT -A EXT-output -p udp / --sport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j local-udp-client-request $IPT -A EXT-input -p udp / --dport $UNPRIVPORTS / -j remote-udp-server-response ############################################################### # NTP time client if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A local-udp-client-request -p udp / -d $TIME_SERVER --dport 123 / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A local-udp-client-request -p udp / -d $TIME_SERVER --dport 123 / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-udp-server-response -p udp / -s $TIME_SERVER --sport 123 / -j ACCEPT ############################################################### # ICMP $IPT -A EXT-input -p icmp -j EXT-icmp-in $IPT -A EXT-output -p icmp -j EXT-icmp-out ############################################################### # ICMP traffic # Log and drop initial ICMP fragments $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in --fragment -j LOG / --log-prefix "Fragmented incoming ICMP: " $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in --fragment -j DROP $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out --fragment -j LOG / --log-prefix "Fragmented outgoing ICMP: " $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out --fragment -j DROP # Outgoing ping if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out -p icmp / --icmp-type echo-request / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out -p icmp / --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in -p icmp / --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT # Incoming ping if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in -p icmp / -s $MY_ISP / --icmp-type echo-request / -m state --state NEW / -j ACCEPT fi $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in -p icmp / --icmp-type echo-request / -s $MY_ISP -j ACCEPT $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out -p icmp / --icmp-type echo-reply / -d $MY_ISP -j ACCEPT # Destination Unreachable Type 3 $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out -p icmp / --icmp-type fragmentation-needed -j ACCEPT $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in -p icmp / --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT # Parameter Problem $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out -p icmp / --icmp-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in -p icmp / --icmp-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT # Time Exceeded $IPT -A EXT-icmp-in -p icmp / --icmp-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT # Source Quench $IPT -A EXT-icmp-out -p icmp / --icmp-type source-quench -j ACCEPT ############################################################### # TCP State Flags # All of the bits are cleared $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j log-tcp-state # SYN and FIN are both set $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -j log-tcp-state # SYN and RST are both set $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j log-tcp-state # FIN and RST are both set $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,RST FIN,RST -j log-tcp-state # FIN is the only bit set, without the expected accompanying ACK $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,FIN FIN -j log-tcp-state # PSH is the only bit set, without the expected accompanying ACK $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,PSH PSH -j log-tcp-state # URG is the only bit set, without the expected accompanying ACK $IPT -A tcp-state-flags -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,URG URG -j log-tcp-state ############################################################### # Log and drop TCP packets with bad state combinations $IPT -A log-tcp-state -p tcp -j LOG / --log-prefix "Illegal TCP state: " / --log-ip-options --log-tcp-options $IPT -A log-tcp-state -j DROP ############################################################### # By-pass rule checking for ESTABLISHED exchanges if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then # By-pass the firewall filters for established exchanges $IPT -A connection-tracking -m state / --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED / -j ACCEPT $IPT -A connection-tracking -m state --state INVALID / -j LOG --log-prefix "INVALID packet: " $IPT -A connection-tracking -m state --state INVALID -j DROP fi ############################################################### # DHCP traffic # Some broadcast packets are explicitly ignored by the firewall. # Others are dropped by the default policy. # DHCP tests must precede broadcast-related rules, as DHCP relies # on broadcast traffic initially. if [ "$DHCP_CLIENT" = "1" ]; then # Initialization or rebinding: No lease or Lease time expired. $IPT -A local-dhcp-client-query / -s $BROADCAST_SRC / -d $BROADCAST_DEST -j ACCEPT # Incoming DHCPOFFER from available DHCP servers $IPT -A remote-dhcp-server-response / -s $BROADCAST_SRC / -d $BROADCAST_DEST -j ACCEPT # Fall back to initialization # The client knows its server, but has either lost its lease, # or else needs to reconfirm the IP address after rebooting. $IPT -A local-dhcp-client-query / -s $BROADCAST_SRC / -d $DHCP_SERVER -j ACCEPT $IPT -A remote-dhcp-server-response / -s $DHCP_SERVER / -d $BROADCAST_DEST -j ACCEPT # As a result of the above, we're supposed to change our IP # address with this message, which is addressed to our new # address before the dhcp client has received the update. # Depending on the server implementation, the destination address # can be the new IP address, the subnet address, or the limited # broadcast address. # If the network subnet address is used as the destination, # the next rule must allow incoming packets destined to the # subnet address, and the rule must precede any general rules # that block such incoming broadcast packets. $IPT -A remote-dhcp-server-response / -s $DHCP_SERVER -j ACCEPT # Lease renewal $IPT -A local-dhcp-client-query / -s $IPADDR / -d $DHCP_SERVER -j ACCEPT fi ############################################################### # Source Address Spoof Checks # Drop packets pretending to be originating from the receiving interface $IPT -A source-address-check -s $IPADDR -j DROP # Refuse packets claiming to be from private networks $IPT -A source-address-check -s $CLASS_A -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s $CLASS_B -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s $CLASS_C -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s $CLASS_D_MULTICAST -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s $CLASS_E_RESERVED_NET -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s $LOOPBACK -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s 0.0.0.0/8 -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s 169.254.0.0/16 -j DROP $IPT -A source-address-check -s 192.0.2.0/24 -j DROP ############################################################### # Bad Destination Address and Port Checks # Block directed broadcasts from the Internet $IPT -A destination-address-check -d $BROADCAST_DEST -j DROP $IPT -A destination-address-check -d $SUBNET_BASE -j DROP $IPT -A destination-address-check -d $SUBNET_BROADCAST -j DROP $IPT -A destination-address-check -p ! udp / -d $CLASS_D_MULTICAST -j DROP # Avoid ports subject to protocol and system administration problems # TCP unprivileged ports # Deny connection requests to NFS, SOCKS, and X Window ports $IPT -A destination-address-check -p tcp -m multiport / --destination-port $NFS_PORT,$OPENWINDOWS_PORT,$SOCKS_PORT,$SQUID_PORT / --syn -j DROP $IPT -A destination-address-check -p tcp --syn / --destination-port $XWINDOW_PORTS -j DROP # UDP unprivileged ports # Deny connection requests to NFS and lockd ports $IPT -A destination-address-check -p udp -m multiport / --destination-port $NFS_PORT,$LOCKD_PORT -j DROP ############################################################### # Logging Rules Prior to Dropping by the Default Policy # ICMP rules $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p icmp / --icmp-type ! echo-request -m limit -j LOG # TCP rules $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 0:19 -j LOG # skip ftp, telnet, ssh $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 24 -j LOG # skip smtp $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 26:78 -j LOG # skip finger, www $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 81:109 -j LOG # skip pop-3, sunrpc $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 112:136 -j LOG # skip NetBIOS $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 140:142 -j LOG # skip imap $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 144:442 -j LOG # skip secure_web/SSL $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p tcp / --dport 444:65535 -j LOG #UDP rules $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --dport 0:110 -j LOG # skip sunrpc $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --dport 112:160 -j LOG # skip snmp $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --dport 163:634 -j LOG # skip NFS mountd $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --dport 636:5631 -j LOG # skip pcAnywhere $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --dport 5633:31336 -j LOG # skip traceroute's default ports $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --sport $TRACEROUTE_SRC_PORTS / --dport $TRACEROUTE_DEST_PORTS -j LOG # skip the rest $IPT -A EXT-log-in -p udp / --dport 33434:65535 -j LOG # Outgoing Packets # Don't log rejected outgoing ICMP destination-unreachable packets $IPT -A EXT-log-out -p icmp / --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j DROP $IPT -A EXT-log-out -j LOG ############################################################### # Install the User-defined Chains on the built-in # INPUT and OUTPUT chains # If TCP: Check for common stealth scan TCP state patterns $IPT -A INPUT -p tcp -j tcp-state-flags $IPT -A OUTPUT -p tcp -j tcp-state-flags if [ "$CONNECTION_TRACKING" = "1" ]; then # By-pass the firewall filters for established exchanges $IPT -A INPUT -j connection-tracking $IPT -A OUTPUT -j connection-tracking fi if [ "$DHCP_CLIENT" = "1" ]; then $IPT -A INPUT -i $INTERNET -p udp / --sport 67 --dport 68 -j remote-dhcp-server-response $IPT -A OUTPUT -o $INTERNET -p udp / --sport 68 --dport 67 -j local-dhcp-client-query fi # Test for illegal source and destination addresses in incoming packets $IPT -A INPUT -p ! tcp -j source-address-check $IPT -A INPUT -p tcp --syn -j source-address-check $IPT -A INPUT -j destination-address-check # Test for illegal destination addresses in outgoing packets $IPT -A OUTPUT -j destination-address-check # Begin standard firewall tests for packets addressed to this host $IPT -A INPUT -i $INTERNET -d $IPADDR -j EXT-input # Multicast traffic $IPT -A INPUT -i $INTERNET -p udp -d $CLASS_D_MULTICAST -j [ DROP | ACCEPT ] $IPT -A OUTPUT -o $INTERNET -p udp -s $IPADDR -d $CLASS_D_MULTICAST /_ -j [ DROP | ACCEPT ] # Begin standard firewall tests for packets sent from this host # Source address spoofing by this host is not allowed due to the # test on source address in this rule. $IPT -A OUTPUT -o $INTERNET -s $IPADDR -j EXT-output # Log anything of interest that fell through, # before the default policy drops the packet. $IPT -A INPUT -j EXT-log-in $IPT -A OUTPUT -j EXT-log-out exit 0