Oracle 层次查询 connect by

Oracle SQL多行字符串拆分使用层次查询(connect by)、正则表达式 阅读详情

 

 

oracle 层次查询


语法:
      SELECT ... FROM
           [WHERE condition]                             --过滤某些节点
           [ START WITH [nocycle] start_condition]    --定义查询的起点, 可以使用子查询
          CONNECT BY [[nocycle] PRIOR COLUMN1 = COLUMN2 [AND ...]];   --定义父子关系
          order [ sibilings ] by ...
 
例1:
找出101雇员, 及其全下属/上司
 select *
   from myemp
  start with employee_id = 101
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id;  -- 找下属
-- connect by employee_id = prior manager_id;  --找上司

 

prior在等号哪边,表示哪边是"我的"
找下属:  "我的"employee_id = "别人的"manager_id --> 找出我的下属  (向下查询)
找上司: employee_id = prior manager_id 别人的工号 = 我的经理编号 --> 别人是我的经理 & 别人是我经理的经理 --> 我的上司们
 
注意,level伪列只能和connect by子句结合使用,否则Oracle会返回错误 ORA-01788: 此查询块中要求 CONNECT BY 子句
 
例2:
统计树形的层数
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT LEVEL) 
  FROM EMPLOYEES
 START WITH MANAGER_ID IS NULL
CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPLOYEE_ID = MANAGER_ID;  

 

例3:
统计树的节点数量 , 例如, 查询每个级别的雇员数量
 
 select count(level)  --在统计树种节点的数量时, 一定不能加distinct!
   from employees
  start with manager_id is null
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
  group by level; 
 
例4:
删除子树
delete from myemp
 where employee_id in ( select employee_id
                          from myemp
                         start with last_name = 'Kochhar'
                       connect by prior employee_id = manager_id);

 

 
 

过滤某些结果集


场景1:使用 where 过滤某些节点 , 注意不是过滤分支!

例1:
查看level=2的所有雇员的信息
select level, employee_id, last_name, manager_id
  from employees
 where level = 2 --注意where子句出现的位置
 start with manager_id is null
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id;
 
注意:where子句比connect by后执行。
即先用connect by生成一颗树, 然后再用where来砍树, 并不是where在前面就先执行它
 
例2:
查询Mavris是不是Kochhar的雇员
SELECT * 
  FROM employees 
 WHERE  last_name = 'Mavris' 
 START WITH last_name = 'Kochhar' --Kochhar的所有雇员
CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id; 
 

场景2: 使用 connect by  ... and ... 过滤某些分支

例1 查询Raphaely及其的所有下属
select *
  from employees
 start with last_name = 'Raphaely'
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id;

 

例2 查询除了Raphaely和他下属的所有员工
select *
  from employees
 start with manager_id is null
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
    and last_name <> 'Raphaely';

 

 
 

格式化查询  lpad('-', 3 * (level - 1), '-')

例:使用三个横杠作为缩进格式化查询
select *
  from employees
 start with manager_id is null
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
    and last_name <> 'Raphaely';

 

 

 

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH() 函数 ☆

作用:
        将父节点到当前节点的路径按照指定的模式展现出来
格式:
        sys_connect_by_path(<列明>,<连接串>)
 
 

CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF 伪列

作用:
        判断层次查询结果集中的行是不是叶子节点
返回值:
        0表示不是叶子节点,
        1表示是叶子节点
 
例:
 

 

 

CONNECT_BY_ROOT 字段x -> 找到该节点最顶端节点的字段x

用在列名之前,找出此行的根节点行的相同列名的值
不是一直找到"根", 而是一直找到当前便利的分支的
 
复制代码
复制代码
select last_name "Employee",
      connect_by_root last_name "Manager",
      sys_connect_by_path(last_name, ' -> ') "Path"
  from hr.employees
where level > 1
-- start with 加不加??
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
order by last_name, length("Path");
  
复制代码
复制代码
 
思考? 为什么不能加 start with ?  加了会有什么效果?
不加start with , 则每个节点都遍历一次 , connect_by_root 找到顶端的经理人会不同
而加了start with manager_id is null 则从树的根节点 King 开始遍历, 从而connect_by_root每个人的顶端的经理都是King
 
 

 10g新特性 采用sibilings排序


作用:
        因为使用order by排序会破坏层次,所以在oracle10g中,增加了siblings关键字的排序给叶子节点的关键字排序
语法:
    order siblings by <expre> asc|desc ; 
它会保护层次,并且在每个等级中按expre排序
注意:
    order siblings by 必须紧跟着connect by
    所以不能再用order by 了
例子:
 
select t.employee_id,t.manager_id,t.first_name,t.salary,sys_connect_by_path(t.first_name, '->'),level
  from hr.employees t
 start with manager_id is null
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
  order by salary desc;
 

最后的结果是严格按照salary排序的,这样把层级关系都打乱了
 
采用sibilings排序:
复制代码
select t.employee_id,
       t.manager_id,
       t.first_name,
       t.salary,
       sys_connect_by_path(t.first_name, '->'),
       level
  from hr.employees t
 start with manager_id is null
connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
 order siblings by salary desc; 
复制代码

  

 


oracle 层次查询 connect by oracle 层次查询 阅读详情

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