zjjyliuweijie的专栏

Abstract In autonomous driving perception systems, 3D detection and tracking are the two fundamental tasks. This paper delves deeper into this field, building upon the Sparse4D framework. We introduce two auxiliary training tasks (Temporal Instance Denoising and Quality Estimation) and propose decoupled attention to make structural improvements, leading to significant enhancements in detection performance. Additionally, we extend the detector into a tracker using a straightforward approach that

Intellectual Property Rights .............................................................................................................................. 12 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Modal verbs terminology .................................................................................................................................. 12 1 Scope ....

Intellectual Property Rights .............................................................................................................................. 12 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Modal verbs terminology .................................................................................................................................. 12 1 Scope ....

Intellectual Property Rights .............................................................................................................................. 12 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Modal verbs terminology .................................................................................................................................. 12 1 Scope ....

oreword 3 1 Scope 4 2 References 4 2.1 Specifications 4 2.2 Tdocs 4 2.3 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 5 2.4 Change Request database 5 3 Abbreviations 5 4 SA1 Stage 1 - ONLY Features 6 5 SA1/SA2 Features 6 6 SA3 Features 6 7 SA4 Features 6 8 SA5 Features 6 9 CT Features

Mission Critical Push To Talk over LTE 9 Service Requirements Maintenance for Machine-Type Communications (MTC) 19 Extended DRX cycle for Power Consumption 24 Optimizations to Support High Latency Communications 40 Further LTE Physical Layer Enhancements for MTC 58 MBMS Enhancements 76 MBMS Extensions and Profiling 81 Service Exposure and Enablement Support 87 Isolated E-UTRAN Operation for Public Safety 93 Service Requirements Maintenance for Group Communication System Enablers for LTE 94 Appli

Foreword 6 1 Scope 7 2 References 7 2.1 Specifications 7 2.2 Tdocs 7 2.3 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 8 2.4 Change Request database 8 3 Abbreviations 8 4 SA1 Stage 1 - ONLY Features 9 4.1 SIPTO Service Continuity of IP Data Session (SIPTO_SC) UID_490030 9 4.2 Interworking between MOs using the EPS and Data Application Providers (MOSAP) UID_500031 10 4.3 IMS Network-Independent Public User Identities (INIPUI) UID_520027 11 4.4 Service and Media Reachability for Users over Restrictive Fi

Foreword 5 1 Scope 6 2 References 6 2.1 Specifications 6 2.2 Tdocs 6 2.3 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 7 2.4 Change Request database 7 3 Abbreviations 7 4 SA1 Features 8 4.1 Advanced IP Interconnection of Services (IPXS) UID_470051 8 4.2 System Improvements to Machine-Type Communications (SIMTC) UID_480030 10 4.3 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) simulation service in IMS (USSI) UID_480031 14 4.4 QoS Control Based on Subscriber Spending Limits (QoS_SSL) UID_490031 16 4.5 Op

Foreword 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 2.1 Specifications 5 2.2 Tdocs 5 2.3 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 6 2.4 Change Request database 6 3 Abbreviations 6 4 SA1 / SA2 Features 7 4.1 Enhanced Multimedia Priority Service (eMPS) UID_390073 8 4.2 Network Improvements for Machine-type Communications (NIMTC) UID_410030 10 4.3 Multi Access PDN Connectivity (MAPCON) UID_430035 14 4.4 IMS Service Continuity – Inter Device Transfer enhancements UID_440052 16 4.5 IP-Short-Message-Gateway enhancem

Foreword 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 2.1 Specifications 5 2.2 Tdocs 5 2.3 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 6 2.4 Change Request database 6 3 Abbreviations 6 4 SA1 Features 7 4.1 Value-Added Services for Short Message Service (VAS4SMS) UID_370026 7 4.2 Definition of End-User Identity (EUI) UID_370027 8 4.3 Public Warning System (PWS) UID_380057 9 4.3.1 Conformance Test Aspects –PWS – RAN aspects for LTE UID_540005 10 4.4 Support for IMS Emergency Calls over GPRS and EPS UID_380064 11 4.4.1 Co

Foreword 6 1 Scope 7 2 References 7 2.1 Specifications 7 2.2 Tdocs 7 2.3 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 8 2.4 Change Request database 8 3 Abbreviations 8 4 3GPP System Architecture Evolution Specification-Evolved Packet System (SAES) UID_320005 9 4.1 Requirements for evolution of the 3GPP system architecture (AIPN-SAE) UID_320022 11 4.2 High level and common (for all accesses) functions (EPS-ComF) UID_370005 11 4.3 SAE for LTE access (SAES-LTE) UID_350025 15 4.4 SAE for Interoperation

1 Introduction 6 1.1 Scope 6 1.2 References 6 1.2.1 Specifications 6 1.3 Tdocs 6 1.3.1 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 7 1.3.2 Change Request database 7 1.4 Acronyms 7 2 New Features applicable to UMTS and GSM 8 2.1 IMS-related new Features 8 2.1.1 Identification of Communication Services in IMS 8 2.1.2 Supporting Globally Routable User Agent URIs in IMS 8 2.1.3 IMS Support of Conferencing and Messaging Group Management 9 2.1.4 Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS 9 2.1.5 Performance Chara

1 Introduction 6 1.1 Scope 6 1.2 References 6 1.2.1 Specifications 6 1.3 Tdocs 6 1.3.1 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 7 1.3.2 Change Request database 7 1.4 Acronyms 7 2 New Features applicable to UMTS and GSM 8 2.1 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service 8 2.1.1 Overall description of MBMS 8 2.1.2 Definition of MBMS user services, media codecs, formats and transport/application protocols using MBMS 12 2.2 WLAN-UMTS Interworking Rel-6 13 2.3 Presence Capability 15 2.4 Speech Recognition

1. Introduction 5 1.1. Scope 5 1.2. References 5 1.2.1. Specifications 5 1.2.2. Tdocs 5 1.2.3. Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 6 1.2.4. Change Request database 6 2. Release 5 Improvements of radio interface 6 2.1. TDD Base station classification (for 3.84 and 1.28 Mcps TDD) 6 2.2. Enhancement on the DSCH Hard Split mode 8 3. Release 5 RAN improvements 8 3.1. RRM optimisation for Iur and Iub 9 3.1.1. Iur common transport channel efficiency optimisation 9 3.1.2. Iur neighbouring cell reporti

1 Introduction 5 1.1 Scope 5 1.2 References 5 1.2.1 Specifications 5 1.3 Tdocs 5 1.3.1 Work Plan, Work Items and Study Items 6 1.3.2 Change Request database 6 2 New Features applicable to UMTS and GSM 6 2.1 Bearer Independent CS architecture (also called “Bearer Independent Core Network”) 6 2.1.1 Introduction 7 2.1.2 Architecture 7 2.1.2.1 (G)MSC Server 8 2.1.2.2 Circuit Switched - Media Gateway (CS-MGW) 8 2.1.3 Interfaces and protocols 8 2.1.3.1 Mc Reference Point: (G)MSC server to CS-MGW 8 2.1

+MIPCALL，创建一个无线链路 描述 此命令建立内置拨号，并为模块返回有效的动态 IP。 格式 类型 命令 响应 设置命令 AT+MIPCALL=<operation>[,<cid>/<AP N>[,<User name>,<Password>,[<aut h>]]] 响应 1： OK

1.2.2. AT 命令语句 前缀 AT 或 at 必须加在每个命令行的开头。输<CR>将终止命令行。通常，命令后面跟随形式为 <CR><LF><response><CR><LF>的响应。在本文档中，仅显示响应<response>，省略<CR><LF>。 RG500U-CN&RM500U-CN 模块支持的 AT 命令集是国际标准（例如 3GPP TS 27.007、3GPP TS 27.005 和 ITU-T 建议 V.25ter）以及移远通信开发的 AT 命令组合，从语法上分为三类：基础类、S 参数类 和扩展类，如下所列：  基础类 基础类 AT 命令的格式为 AT<x><n>或 AT&<x><n>，其中<x>是命令，<n>是该命令的参数。以 ATE<n>为例，DCE 会根据<n>的取值确定是否将接收到的字符回显给 DTE。若<n>为可选参数， 则其被省略时将使用其默认值。

1 引言 1.1. 本章概要 本文档主要介绍移远通信 5G 模块 RG200U-CN、RG500U 系列和 RM500U-CN 支持的 AT 命令集。 1.2. AT 命令语句 1.2.1. 定义 <CR> 回车符。 <LF> 换行符。 <…> 参数名称。实际命令行中不包含尖括号。 […] 可选参数或 TA 信息响应的可选部分。实际命令行中不包含方括号。若无特别说明， 配置命令中的可选参数被省略时，将默认使用其之前已设置的值或其默认值。 下划线 参数的默认设置。 1.2.2. AT 命令语句 前缀 AT 或 at 必须加在每个命令行的开头。输入 <CR> 将终止命令行。通常，命令后面跟随形式为 <CR><LF><response><CR><LF> 的响应。在本文档中表现命令和响应的表格中，省略了 <CR><LF>， 仅显示命令和响应。

1 Introduction This document introduces Quectel QCFG commands applicable for EC2x series, EG9x series, EG2x-G and EM05 series modules to query and configure UE settings. 1.1. Applicable Modules

Chapter 1. Summary...............................................................................................................- 6 - 1.1 AT Command Syntax................................................................................................- 6 - 1.2 AT Command Interface.............................................................................................- 6 - 1.3 AT Command Interface Standards............................................................................- 7 -

Linux 操作系统的安装以及配置............................................................................................3 1 如何安装RedHat9.0 ................................................................................................3 2 在RedHat 中添加新用户.......................................................................................16 3 配置PC 机Linux 的ftp 服务...................................................................................16 4 配置PC 机Linux 的telnet .....................................................................................17 5 建立交叉编译环境...................................................................................................17 6 编译内核..................................................................................................................17 Linux 的移植.......................................................................................................................19 1 Bootloader 的移植.................................................................................................19 1.1 vivi 的配置与编译..........................................................................................19 1.2 配置和编译vivi .............................................................................................20 1.3 vivi 代码分析..................................................................................................21 1.4 vivi 的运行.....................................................................................................21 1.5 启动代码执行流程图.....................................................................................45 1.6 vivi 的配置文件..............................................................................................45

选择一种合适的数据结构很重要，如果在一堆随机存放的数中使用了大量的插入和删除指令，那使用链表要快得多。数组与指针语句具有十分密切的关系，一般来说，指针比较灵活简洁，而数组则比较直观，容易理解。对于大部分的编译器，使用指针比使用数组生成的代码更短，执行效率更高。

UBIFS分析一：六个区 UBIFS分析二：重要结构体 UBIFS分析三：超级块管理 UBIFS分析四：write-back UBIFS分析六：commit process UBIFS分析五：wear-leveling

一：挂载UBIFS的代码分析 二：通过VFS的读写流程 三：UBIFS的六个area 四：重要数据结构 五：wear-leveling

第1学时Perl 入门 第2学时Perl 的基本构件：数字和字符串 第3学时控制程序流 第4学时基本构件的堆栈：列表与数组 第5学时进行文件操作 第6学时模式匹配 第7学时哈希结构 第8学时函数

内容简介 嵌入式系统软硬件技术介绍与未来趋势分析；PDA与Smartphons软硬件技术介绍；最新SoC嵌入式处理器架构；Intel XScale架构与TI OMAP介绍；嵌入式系统热门外设与接口标准；嵌入式实时操作系统分析与选用技巧；WinCE、EPOC、PalmOS、Linux等PDA OS深入探讨；嵌入式系统软件开发技术要诀；移动信息设备的产品介绍与分析；剖析Java在未来无线通讯产品上的相关技术；Java Phone与J2EE平台技术；日本DoCoMo iMode无线网络内容服务与软件开发；嵌入式Linux的组态与实作。 目录 第1章 嵌入式系统的介绍 1.1 嵌入式系统概述 1.2 信息家电 1.3 入门必学 1.4 未来展望 1.5 本书导读 第2章 嵌入式SoC硬件系统概论 2.1 前言 2.2 嵌入式系统微处理器的发展 2.3 SoC 嵌入式系统微处理器 2.4 整合型嵌入式系统微处理器 2.5 内存 2.6 输入与输出 2.7 扩充装置 2.8 总结 第3章 嵌入式系统软件开发 第4章 信息家电软件的大趋势 第5章 Smart Handheld Device软件系统设计 附录 Linux 版权声明

引用私有程序 ● 接受他人的奉献 ● 修改日志（Change Logs） ● 与其它实现的兼容性 ● Makefile惯例 m Makefile的通用惯例 m Makefile中的工具 m 为用户提供的标准目标 m 为指明命令而提供的变量 m 为安装目录而提供的变量 ● 配置是如何进行的 ● 使用C以外的语言 ● 格式化你的源代码 ● 为你的工作写注释 ● 清晰地使用C语言成分 ● 命名变量和函数 ● 使用非标准的特征 ● 适用于所有程序的程序行为 ● 格式化错误信息 ● 库的行为 ● 适用于GNU的移植性 ● 命令行界面标准 ● 为程序制作文档 ● 制作发行包

《Java数据结构和算法》(第2版)介绍了计算机编程中使用的数据结构和算法，对于在计算机应用中如何操作和管理数据以取得最优性能提供了深入浅出的讲解。全书共分为15章，分别讲述了基本概念、数组、简单排序、堆和队列、链表、递归、进阶排序、二叉树、红黑树、哈希表及图形等知识。附录中则提供了运行专题Applet和例程、相关书籍和问题解答。《Java数据结构和算法》(第2版)提供了学完一门编程语言后进一步需要知道的知识。本书所涵盖的内容通常作为大学或学院中计算机系二年级的课程，在学生掌握了编程的基础后才开始本书的学习。

C code. C code run. Run code run…please! —Barbara Ling All C programs do the same thing: look at a character and do nothing with it. —Peter Weinberger Have you ever noticed that there are plenty of C books with suggestive names like C Traps and Pitfalls, or The C Puzzle Book, or Obfuscated C and Other Mysteries, but other programming languages don't have books like that? There's a very good reason for this! C programming is a craft that takes years to perfect. A reasonably sharp person can learn the basics of C quite quickly. But it takes much longer to master the nuances of the language and to write enough programs, and enough different programs, to become an expert. In natural language terms, this is the difference between being able to order a cup of coffee in Paris, and (on the Metro) being able to tell a native Parisienne where to get off. This book is an advanced text on the ANSI C programming language. It is intended for people who are already writing C programs, and who want to quickly pick up some of the insights and techniques of experts. Expert programmers build up a tool kit of techniques over the

LaTeX（LATEX，音译“拉泰赫”）是一种基于TeX的排版系统，由美国计算机学家莱斯利·兰伯特（Leslie Lamport）在20世纪80年代初期开发，利用这种格式，即使使用者没有排版和程序设计的知识也可以充分发挥由TeX所提供的强大功能，能在几天，甚至几小时内生成很多具有书籍质量的印刷品。对于生成复杂表格和数学公式，这一点表现得尤为突出。因此它非常适用于生成高印刷质量的科技和数学类文档。这个系统同样适用于生成从简单的信件到完整书籍的所有其他种类的文档。

0 导读 1 艺术的含义 1 了解Word 1 为什么选择Word + Acrobat 1 本书使用的软件版本 3 视窗控件之称谓：视窗、菜单、项目、图标、工具栏… 3 文档组成之称谓：扉页、序言、目录、正文、附录、索引... 5 页面元素之称谓：页眉、页脚、页码、正文、标题、版心… 5 排版要件之称谓 7 1 问答101 8 关于出版and书籍制作流程 8 关于Word写作平台 11 关于Word排版概念与环境设置 11 关于Word排版实务 12 页面设置（Page Setup）与系统设置 12 文字与段落（Texts & Paragraphs） 13 图片（Figures） 13 表格（Tables） 14 关于Word程序可控性 14 关于Word电子文档 14 关于PDF便携式文档 14 2 总论 16 2.1 排版，被个人电脑完全取代的行业 16 2.2 个人出版思潮 16 2.3 排版基本概念 16 2.3.1 最佳作业模式 17 2.3.2 文档结构视图 18 2.3.3 页面视图 18 2.3.4 大纲视图 18 2.3.5 Web视图 19 2.3.6 主控文档视图 19 2.3.7 细说页面元素 19 2.3.8 细说排版要件 21 2.3.9 心得偶拾 21

播（Multicast）传输：在发送者和每一接收者之间实现点对多点网络连接。如果一台发送者同时给多个的接收者传输相同的数据，也只需复制一份的相同数据包。它提高了数据传送效率。减少了骨干网络出现拥塞的可能性。

摩托罗拉电路板极的电磁兼容设计.pdf 摩托罗拉电路板极的电磁兼容设计.pdf

计算机算法——设计与分析导论(第三版).pdf 英文版

Short Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Error Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 Virtual Memory Allocation and Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4 Character Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5 String and Array Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6 Character-Set Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7 Locales and Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 8 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9 Arithmetic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10 Date and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 11 Message Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 12 Searching and Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 13 Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 14 The Basic Program/System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 15 Input/Output Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 16 Debugging Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 17 Input/Output on Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 A Summary of Library Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 B Contributors to the GNU C Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 C Free Software Needs Free Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 D GNU Lesser General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 E GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Concept Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Type Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Function and Macro Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Variable and Constant Macro Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Program and File Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Short Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Language Standards Supported by GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 GCC Command Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 C Implementation-defined behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5 Extensions to the C Language Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 6 Extensions to the C++ Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 7 GNU Objective-C runtime features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 8 Binary Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 9 gcov—a Test Coverage Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 10 Known Causes of Trouble with GCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 11 Reporting Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 12 How To Get Help with GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 13 Contributing to GCC Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Funding Free Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 The GNU Project and GNU/Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 GNU General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Contributors to GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Option Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Summary of gdb The purpose of a debugger such as gdb is to allow you to see what is going on “inside” another program while it executes—or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. gdb can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act: • Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior. • Make your program stop on specified conditions. • Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped. • Change things in your program, so you can exp

一、 概况..............................................................................................................................................................3 1. NAND 闪存的种类..........................................................................................................................................3 2. NAND 闪存的架构..........................................................................................................................................4 3. 非全页的编程（Partial Page Programming） .................................................................................................5 4. 从NAND 启动（Booting From NAND） .......................................................................................................5 二、 NAND 闪存的可靠性问题...........................................................................................................................6 1. 坏块管理（Bad Block Management，BBM）................................................................................................7 2. 坏块管理算法的规范 （BBM Algorithm Specification） ..............................................................................8 3. 6 个工厂编程的坏块管理的要素（Six BBM Factory Programming Elements）..........................................9 1) 坏块的替换策略（Bad Block Replacement Strategy，BBR）...................................................................9 2) 分区（Partitioning） .................................................................................................................................10 3) 纠错码（Error Correction Codes ，ECC ).................................................................................................12 4) 备用区的使用（Spare Area Placement，SAP）.......................................................................................

一． 简介 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 二． NAND Flash与NOR Flash的区别 -------------------------------------------- 1 三． NAND Flash存储器结构描叙 --------------------------------------------------- 4 四． 备用单元结构描叙 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 6 五． Skip Block method（跳过坏块方式） ------------------------------------------ 8 六． Reserved Block Area method（保留块区域方式）----------------------------- 9 七． Error Checking and Correction（错误检测和纠正）-------------------------- 10 八． 文件系统 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 九． 使用ELNEC系列编程器烧录NAND Flash -------------------------------- 10 十． Invalid Block Management drop-down menu -------------------------------- 12 十一． User Area Settings3 -------------------------------------------------------- 13 十二． Solid Area Settings --------------------------------------------------------- 15 十三． Quick Program Check-box ---------------------------------------------- 16 十四． Reserved Block Area Options --------------------------------------------17 十五． Spare Area Usage drop-down menu ------------------------------------18

本文档主要介绍DevKit8000评估套件的开发使用方法，详细描述了DevKit8000评估主板的硬件接口特性，并对软件系统的应用开发进行指导。