如何理解 #define SREG (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x5F

本文介绍如何使用C语言直接访问指定的内存地址,并通过实例解释如何定义宏来操作特定地址上的8位和32位寄存器。适用于嵌入式系统编程。

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   #define SREG    (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x5F)
   嵌入式系统编程,要求程序员能够利用C语言访问固定的内存地址。既然是个地址,那么按照C语言的语法规则,这个表示地址的量应该是指针类型。所以,知道要访问的内存地址后,比如0x5F,
   第一步是要把它强制转换为指针类型
(unsigned char *)0x5F,AVR的SREG是八位寄存器,所以0x5F强制转换为指向
unsigned char类型。
   volatile(可变的)这个关键字说明这变量可能会被意想不到地改变,这样编译器就不会去假设这个变量的值了。这种“意想不到地改变”,不是由程序去改变,而是由硬件去改变——意想不到。
   第二步,对指针变量解引用,就能操作指针所指向的地址的内容了
   *(volatile unsigned char *)0x5F
   第三步,小心地把#define宏中的参数用括号括起来,这是一个很好的习惯,所以#define SREG    (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x5F)

    类似的,如果使用一个32位处理器,要对一个32位的内存地址进行访问,可以这样定义#define RAM_ADDR     (*(volatile unsigned long  *)0x0000555F)
    然后就可以用C语言对这个内存地址进行读写操作了
    读:tmp = RAM_ADDR;
    写:RAM_ADDR = 0x55;

/* Servo.h - Interrupt driven Servo library for Arduino using 16 bit timers- Version 2 Copyright (c) 2009 Michael Margolis. All right reserved. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA */ /* A servo is activated by creating an instance of the Servo class passing the desired pin to the attach() method. The servos are pulsed in the background using the value most recently written using the write() method. Note that analogWrite of PWM on pins associated with the timer are disabled when the first servo is attached. Timers are seized as needed in groups of 12 servos - 24 servos use two timers, 48 servos will use four. The sequence used to sieze timers is defined in timers.h The methods are: Servo - Class for manipulating servo motors connected to Arduino pins. attach(pin ) - Attaches a servo motor to an i/o pin. attach(pin, min, max ) - Attaches to a pin setting min and max values in microseconds default min is 544, max is 2400 write() - Sets the servo angle in degrees. (invalid angle that is valid as pulse in microseconds is treated as microseconds) writeMicroseconds() - Sets the servo pulse width in microseconds read() - Gets the last written servo pulse width as an angle between 0 and 180. readMicroseconds() - Gets the last written servo pulse width in microseconds. (was read_us() in first release) attached() - Returns true if there is a servo attached. detach() - Stops an attached servos from pulsing its i/o pin. */ #ifndef Servo_h #define Servo_h #include <inttypes.h> /* * Defines for 16 bit timers used with Servo library * * If _useTimerX is defined then TimerX is a 16 bit timer on the current board * timer16_Sequence_t enumerates the sequence that the timers should be allocated * _Nbr_16timers indicates how many 16 bit timers are available. */ // Architecture specific include #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_AVR) #include "avr/ServoTimers.h" #elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_SAM) #include "sam/ServoTimers.h" #elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_SAMD) #include "samd/ServoTimers.h" #elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_STM32F4) #include "stm32f4/ServoTimers.h" #elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_NRF52) #include "nrf52/ServoTimers.h" #else #error "This library only supports boards with an AVR, SAM, SAMD, NRF52 or STM32F4 processor." #endif #define Servo_VERSION 2 // software version of this library #define MIN_PULSE_WIDTH 544 // the shortest pulse sent to a servo #define MAX_PULSE_WIDTH 2400 // the longest pulse sent to a servo #define DEFAULT_PULSE_WIDTH 1500 // default pulse width when servo is attached #define REFRESH_INTERVAL 20000 // minumim time to refresh servos in microseconds #define SERVOS_PER_TIMER 12 // the maximum number of servos controlled by one timer #define MAX_SERVOS (_Nbr_16timers * SERVOS_PER_TIMER) #define INVALID_SERVO 255 // flag indicating an invalid servo index #if !defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_STM32F4) typedef struct { uint8_t nbr :6 ; // a pin number from 0 to 63 uint8_t isActive :1 ; // true if this channel is enabled, pin not pulsed if false } ServoPin_t ; typedef struct { ServoPin_t Pin; volatile unsigned int ticks; } servo_t; class Servo { public: Servo(); uint8_t attach(int pin); // attach the given pin to the next free channel, sets pinMode, returns channel number or 0 if failure uint8_t attach(int pin, int min, int max); // as above but also sets min and max values for writes. void detach(); void write(int value); // if value is < 200 its treated as an angle, otherwise as pulse width in microseconds void writeMicroseconds(int value); // Write pulse width in microseconds int read(); // returns current pulse width as an angle between 0 and 180 degrees int readMicroseconds(); // returns current pulse width in microseconds for this servo (was read_us() in first release) bool attached(); // return true if this servo is attached, otherwise false private: uint8_t servoIndex; // index into the channel data for this servo int8_t min; // minimum is this value times 4 added to MIN_PULSE_WIDTH int8_t max; // maximum is this value times 4 added to MAX_PULSE_WIDTH }; #endif #endif Servo.h文件中是这样的该怎么修改
06-11
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