深入理解计算机系统(第3版) 第四章 处理器体系结构

本文深入探讨了处理器体系结构,包括指令集体系结构(ISA)、逻辑控制和硬件设计语言HCL。内容涵盖处理器的取指、译码、执行、访存、写回和PC更新等基本阶段,并介绍了流水线技术提高系统吞吐量的原理。通过这些,读者能更好地理解计算机系统内部的工作机制。

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1.处理器

一个处理器支持的指令和指令的字节级编码称为它的指令集体系结构(instruction set architecture,ISA)。

不同的处理器都有不同的ISA,为了保证程序编译可以在不同处理器之间进行,ISA在编译器编写者和处理器设计人员之间提供了一个概念抽象层,编译器编写者只需要知道允许哪些指令,以及它们是如何编码的;而处理器设计者必须构建出执行这些指令的处理器。

 

2.逻辑控制和硬件设计语言HCL

在硬件设计中,用电子电路来计算对位进行运算的函数,以及在各种存储器单元中存储位。大多数现代电器技术都是用信号线上的高电压或低电压来表示不同的位置。在当前的技术中,逻辑1是用1.0伏特左右的高压电表示的,而逻辑0是用0.0伏特左右的低压电表示的。要实现一个数字系统需要三个主要的组成部分:计算对位进行操作的函数的组合逻辑、存储位的存储器单元以及控制存储器单元更新的时钟信号。

硬件控制语言(hardware control language,HCL),用这种语言来描述不同处理器设计的控制逻辑。

逻辑门是数字电路的基本计算单元。

将很多的逻辑门组合成一个网,就能构建计算块,称为组合电路。

 

3.SEQ硬件结构

实现所有Y86_64指令所需要的计算可以被组织成6个基础阶段:取指、译码、执行、访存、写回和更新PC。

经典计算机操作系统教材第三,详细内容可见亚马逊。 https://www.amazon.com/Computer-Systems-Programmers-Perspective-Engineering/dp/0134123832/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1541476471&sr=8-2&keywords=computer+systems+a+programmer's+perspective Computer systems: A Programmer’s Perspective explains the underlying elements common among all computer systems and how they affect general application performance. Written from the programmer’s perspective, this book strives to teach readers how understanding basic elements of computer systems and executing real practice can lead them to create better programs. Spanning across computer science themes such as hardware architecture, the operating system, and systems software, the Third Edition serves as a comprehensive introduction to programming. This book strives to create programmers who understand all elements of computer systems and will be able to engage in any application of the field--from fixing faulty software, to writing more capable programs, to avoiding common flaws. It lays the groundwork for readers to delve into more intensive topics such as computer architecture, embedded systems, and cyber security. This book focuses on systems that execute an x86-64 machine code, and recommends that programmers have access to a Linux system for this course. Programmers should have basic familiarity with C or C++. Personalize Learning with MasteringEngineering MasteringEngineering is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results through personalized learning. This innovative online program emulates the instructor’s office hour environment, engaging and guiding students through engineering concepts with self-paced individualized coaching With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts.
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