驱动开发系列35 - Linux Graphics GEM Buffer Object 介绍

一:概述

        在 Linux 内核中,DRM(Direct Rendering Manager)模块 是用于管理显示硬件和图形渲染的核心框架。它负责协调用户空间应用程序(例如 X Server、Wayland Compositors、Mesa 等)和 GPU 硬件之间的通信,是 Linux 图形子系统的重要组成部分。

        GEM (Graphics Execution Manager) 是 Linux 内核 DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) 子系统中用于管理显存的核心组件。它为 GPU 显存的分配、管理、访问和同步提供了一个通用的抽象层,使用户空间应用和 GPU 驱动程序能够高效地使用显存资源。

        GEM主要有以下几个作用:一是显存管理,GEM 负责在 GPU 驱动和内核之间提供统一的显存管理接口,抽象出底层的硬件细节,方便不同用户空间应用(如 Mesa 3D、Wayland、X Server)高效分配和使用显存。二是负责内存分配和释放,GEM 管理 GPU 所需的显存对象,包括分配、释放、映射和共享。可以支持显存和系统内存的统一管理,允许 CPU 和 GPU 访问同一内存区域。三是负责显存共享和同步,通过 DMA-BUF 和 Fences 实现显存对象在多设备之间的共享与同步。支持 CPU 和 GPU 对同一显存对象的并发访问,避免数据冲突。

        

### Linux DMA-BUF Mechanism and Usage The Direct Memory Access Buffer (DMA-BUF) framework allows different device drivers within the Linux kernel to share buffers without copying data between them, which can significantly improve performance by reducing memory bandwidth usage and CPU overhead. The core concept revolves around sharing buffer objects across multiple subsystems or devices while ensuring safe access control. #### Kernel CPU Access to a DMA-Buf Buffer Object When dealing with DMA-BUF buffer objects, specific mechanisms ensure that CPUs have proper access permissions when interacting directly with these buffers[^1]. This involves setting up coherent mappings so that any changes made via CPU are immediately visible to other consumers of this buffer such as GPUs or DSPs. For instance, before accessing a DMA-BUF from user space applications through APIs provided by various graphics execution managers like GEM, appropriate synchronization must occur at both ends—producer and consumer—to prevent race conditions during read/write operations on shared resources[^2]. #### Efficient Network Packet Handling Using NAPI Although not directly related but worth mentioning is another optimization feature called New API (NAPI), designed primarily for network interfaces under heavy load scenarios where interrupt moderation techniques may fall short due to their inherent limitations regarding latency versus throughput trade-offs[^3]. By allowing each driver to manage its own polling list independently based upon current traffic patterns observed over time intervals rather than fixed rates set beforehand, overall system responsiveness improves alongside better utilization of available hardware capabilities including multi-core architectures whenever applicable. ```c #include <linux/dma-buf.h> struct dma_buf *dma_buf_get(int fd); void dma_buf_put(struct dma_buf *dmabuf); // Example code snippet showing how one might obtain reference counted handle int dmabuf_fd; struct dma_buf* buf = dma_buf_get(dmabuf_fd); // Obtain refcounted pointer if (!IS_ERR(buf)) { /* Use 'buf' here */ } dma_buf_put(buf); // Release it after use ```
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