linux 信号量

1.wait 与waitpid的关系

wait() and waitpid()
       The  wait() system call suspends execution of the calling process until
       one of its children terminates.  The call wait(&status)  is  equivalent
       to:
           waitpid(-1, &status, 0);

2.status 与 option

The  waitpid()  system  call  suspends execution of the calling process
       until a child specified by pid argument has changed state.  By default,
       waitpid() waits only for terminated children, but this behavior is mod‐
       ifiable via the options argument, as described below.

       The value of pid can be:

       < -1   meaning wait for any child process whose  process  group  ID  is
              equal to the absolute value of pid.

       -1     meaning wait for any child process.

       0      meaning  wait  for  any  child process whose process group ID is
              equal to that of the calling process.

       > 0    meaning wait for the child whose process  ID  is  equal  to  the
              value of pid.

       The  value  of  options  is an OR of zero or more of the following con‐
       stants:

       WNOHANG     return immediately if no child has exited.

       WUNTRACED   also return if a child has  stopped  (but  not  traced  via
                   ptrace(2)).   Status for traced children which have stopped
                   is provided even if this option is not specified.

       WCONTINUED (since Linux 2.6.10)
                   also return if a stopped child has been resumed by delivery
                   of SIGCONT.

函数的返回值

RETURN VALUE
       wait(): on success, returns the process  ID  of  the  terminated  child;  on  error,  -1  is
       returned.

       waitpid():  on success, returns the process ID of the child whose state has changed; if WNO‐
       HANG was specified and one or more child(ren) specified by  pid  exist,  but  have  not  yet
       changed state, then 0 is returned.  On error, -1 is returned.

       waitid(): returns 0 on success or if WNOHANG was specified and no child(ren) specified by id
       has yet changed state; on error, -1 is returned.  Each of  these  calls  sets  errno  to  an
       appropriate value in the case of an error.

ERRORS
       ECHILD (for wait()) The calling process does not have any unwaited-for children.

       ECHILD (for waitpid() or waitid()) The process specified by pid (waitpid()) or idtype and id
              (waitid()) does not exist or is not a child of the calling process.  (This can happen
              for  one's own child if the action for SIGCHLD is set to SIG_IGN.  See also the Linux
              Notes section about threads.)

       EINTR  WNOHANG was not set and an unblocked signal or a SIGCHLD was caught; see signal(7).

       EINVAL The options argument was invalid.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


int main()
{
	int fd[2];
	pipe(fd);
	int status;

	int pid=fork();
	
	if(pid==0){

		printf("in child,sleep 4s \n");
		sleep(4);
		printf("exit...\n");
		exit(-4);//the same to return(-50) 

	}else if(pid<0){
		printf("fork fail!\n");
	}
	
	printf("wait for  child!\n");
	fflush(stdout);
	
	printf("return code is child pid[%d]\n",wait(&status));
	if(WIFEXITED(status)){
		printf("return normally!\n");
		printf("return value is[%d]\n",WEXITSTATUS(status));
	}
	
	return 0;
}

wait() 回收子孙进程，而非仅仅儿子进程

#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


int main()
{
	int pid,i;
	if(fork()==0)
	{
		for(i=0; i<1000; i++)
		{

			pid=fork();
			if(pid==0)
			{

				exit(0);
			}
		}
	}
	printf("wait for 20s\n");
	fflush(stdout);
	sleep(20);
	if((pid=wait(NULL))>0)
	{
		printf("clooect [%d]\n",pid);
		while(pid>0)
		{
			pid=wait(NULL);
			printf("clooect [%d]\n",pid);
			fflush(stdout);
		}

		printf("wait for 50s again\n");
		fflush(stdout);
		sleep(50);
		return 0;
	}
}