Ubuntu下nginx+python+uwsgi环境搭建与测试

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一、安装uwsgi

sudo pip install uwsgi

安装完成后查看uwsgi版本：

y@ubuntu:~$ uwsgi --version
2.0.17.1

二、nginx配置

打开/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件，在http模块下的server模块下新增以下内容：

	location /uwsgi {  #这段配置表示Nginx会将 /uwsgi路径下的请求转发到127.0.0.1:9090端口上，即uWSGI服务器上
  		include uwsgi_params;  
  		uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090;
	}

添加完内容后的配置文件内容如下：


#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}

	
	     location /uwsgi {  #这段配置表示Nginx会将 /uwsgi路径下的请求转发到127.0.0.1:9090端口上，即uWSGI服务器上
  		       include uwsgi_params;  
  		       uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090;
	     }

    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

uwsgi就是http模块中的location地址。

三、编写uwsgi程序

在自己的主目录下新建一个目录uwsgi，然后新建一个python脚本，名字为：uwsgi_helloworld.py，内容如下：

def application(environ, start_response):
    status = '200 OK'
    output = 'Hello World!'
 
    response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'),
                        ('Content-Length', str(len(output)))]
    start_response(status, response_headers)
 
    return [output]

继续新建一个python脚本，，名字为：uwsgi_helloworld2.py，内容如下：

def application(environ, start_response):
    status = '200 OK'
    output = 'Hello World2!'
 
    response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'),
                        ('Content-Length', str(len(output)))]
    start_response(status, response_headers)
 
    return [output]

四、启动

1.启动nginx

sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

nginx相关命令的使用可以参考Ubuntu下nginx+python+fastcgi环境搭建与测试

2.启动uwsgi
进入上面编写好的uwsgi_helloworld.py脚本所在的目录，打开命令行，执行：
sudo uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:9090 --plugin python --wsgi-file uwsgi_helloworld.py
如下：

y@ubuntu:~/uwsgi$ sudo uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:9090 --plugin python --wsgi-file uwsgi_helloworld.py 
open("./python_plugin.so"): No such file or directory [core/utils.c line 3721]
!!! UNABLE to load uWSGI plugin: ./python_plugin.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory !!!
*** Starting uWSGI 2.0.17.1 (64bit) on [Tue Sep 18 19:34:16 2018] ***
compiled with version: 7.3.0 on 19 September 2018 01:43:26
os: Linux-4.15.0-33-generic #36-Ubuntu SMP Wed Aug 15 16:00:05 UTC 2018
nodename: ubuntu
machine: x86_64
clock source: unix
pcre jit disabled
detected number of CPU cores: 2
current working directory: /home/y/uwsgi
detected binary path: /usr/local/bin/uwsgi
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI without its master process manager ***
your processes number limit is 31577
your memory page size is 4096 bytes
detected max file descriptor number: 1024
lock engine: pthread robust mutexes
thunder lock: disabled (you can enable it with --thunder-lock)
uwsgi socket 0 bound to TCP address 127.0.0.1:9090 fd 3
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
Python version: 2.7.15rc1 (default, Apr 15 2018, 21:51:34)  [GCC 7.3.0]
*** Python threads support is disabled. You can enable it with --enable-threads ***
Python main interpreter initialized at 0x55ae7a3e04e0
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
your server socket listen backlog is limited to 100 connections
your mercy for graceful operations on workers is 60 seconds
mapped 72920 bytes (71 KB) for 1 cores
*** Operational MODE: single process ***
WSGI app 0 (mountpoint='') ready in 0 seconds on interpreter 0x55ae7a3e04e0 pid: 3753 (default app)
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) *** 
*** uWSGI is running in multiple interpreter mode ***
spawned uWSGI worker 1 (and the only) (pid: 3753, cores: 1)

因为根据nginx.conf配置文件，nginx会把uwsgi路径的请求转发到127.0.0.1:9090 端口，所以这里启动uwsgi时监听的是127.0.0.1:9090端口

若想停止uwsgi可结合 ps -aux 和 sudo kill -9 命令，如下：

y@ubuntu:~/uwsgi$ ps -aux | grep 9090
root       3736  0.0  0.0  64748  3972 pts/1    T    19:31   0:00 sudo uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:9090 --plugin python --wsgi-file uwsgi_helloworld.py
root       3737  0.0  0.1  53616 12444 pts/1    T    19:31   0:00 uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:9090 --plugin python --wsgi-file uwsgi_helloworld.py
y          3745  0.0  0.0  21536  1000 pts/1    R+   19:32   0:00 grep --color=auto 9090
y@ubuntu:~/uwsgi$ sudo kill -9 3736 3737
[1]+  Killed                  sudo uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:9090 --plugin python --wsgi-file uwsgi_helloworld.py

3.打开浏览器，输入：http://localhost/uwsgi (nginx配置文件中可以看到http监听的是80端口，而http请求默认就是80端口，所以这里可以不用填写端口号)，可以看到输出结果：
Hello World!

五、以配置文件的方式启动uwsgi

上面启动uwsgi的命令：sudo uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:9090 --plugin python --wsgi-file uwsgi_helloworld.py
参数非常多，我们可以将参数写在配置文件里，启动uwsgi时指定配置文件即可。配置文件可以是键值对的格式，也可以是XML，YAML格式，这里我们使用键值对的格式。在之前创建的uwsgi目录下新建一个配置文件uwsgiconf.ini，内容如下：

[uwsgi]
socket=127.0.0.1:9090
wsgi-file=uwsgi_helloworld.py
plugin=python
master=true
processes=4
threads=2

上述的配置文件表示uWSGI将启动4个进程，每个进程有2个线程，另外还有一个master主进程（监控其他进程状态，如果有进程死了，则重启）。
然后启动uWSGI：

y@ubuntu:~/uwsgi$ sudo uwsgi uwsgiconf.ini

再打开浏览器，输入：http://localhost/uwsgi
可以看到也显示了：Hello World!

六、部署多个应用

一个Nginx，可以同时运行多个应用，不一定是python脚本应用。我们期望通过不同的路径路由到不同的应用，
在nginx的配置文件nginx.conf中的http模块的server模块中加入以下内容：

	location /uwsgi_helloworld {  
  		include uwsgi_params;  
		uwsgi_param SCRIPT_NAME /uwsgi_helloworld;
  		uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090;
	}    

	location /uwsgi_helloworld2 {  
  		include uwsgi_params;  
		uwsgi_param SCRIPT_NAME /uwsgi_helloworld2;
  		uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090;
	}

这里我们定义了2个uWSGI参数”SCRIPT_NAME”，值为应用的路径，分别为/uwsgi_helloworld 和 /uwsgi_helloworld2

完整的nginx.conf文件内容如下所示：


#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}

	
	    location /uwsgi_helloworld {  
  		    include uwsgi_params;  
		    uwsgi_param SCRIPT_NAME /uwsgi_helloworld;
  		    uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090;
	    }    

	    location /uwsgi_helloworld2 {  
  		     include uwsgi_params;  
		     uwsgi_param SCRIPT_NAME /uwsgi_helloworld2;
  		     uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9090;
	    }    


    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

接下来，在uWSGI的启动配置中，注释掉”wsgi-file”项，并加上：

mount=/uwsgi_helloworld=uwsgi_helloworld.py
mount=/uwsgi_helloworld2=uwsgi_helloworld2.py
manage-script-name=true

“mount”参数表示将/uwsgi_helloworld地址路由到uwsgi_helloworld.py，将/uwsgi_helloworld2地址路由到uwsgi_helloworld2.py
”manage-script-name”参数表示启用之前在Nginx里配置的”SCRIPT_NAME”参数。

完整的uwsgiconf.ini内容如下：

[uwsgi]
socket=127.0.0.1:9090
#wsgi-file=uwsgi_helloworld.py
mount=/uwsgi_helloworld=uwsgi_helloworld.py
mount=/uwsgi_helloworld2=uwsgi_helloworld2.py
manage-script-name=true
plugin=python
master=true
processes=4
threads=2

然后重启nginx：

y@ubuntu:~$ sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
y@ubuntu:~$ sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

重启uwsgi，杀掉uwsgi进程后，执行sudo uwsgi uwsgiconf.ini重启即可：

y@ubuntu:~/uwsgi$ sudo uwsgi uwsgiconf.ini

打开浏览器，输入：http://localhost/uwsgi_helloworld
看到显示：Hello World！

输入：http://localhost/uwsgi_helloworld2
看到显示：Hello World2！

七、使用Python内置的WSGI服务器

如果只是用于开发测试使用，可以不用上面那么麻烦，需要安装和配置等很多操作步骤，可以直接使用Python内置的WSGI服务器，这个模块叫wsgiref，是用Python编写的WSGI服务器的参考实现，具体可参考网上的文章使用。

参考：
nginx+uwsgi+python捕获http消息并处理（一）
python nginx+uwsgi+WSGI 处理请求详解