Android 系统启动系列文章：
首语
SystemServer进程主要用于启动系统服务，诸如AMS、WMS、PMS都是由它来创建的。在系统的名称为"system_server"，Android核心服务都是它启动，它是非常重要。
Zygote处理SystemServer进程
在 Zygote启动过程 文章中分析我们知道，调用Zygote的forkSystemServer方法启动SystemServer进程。
调用nativeZygoteInit方法，它是Native层的代码，用来启动Binder线程池，这样SystemServer进程就可以使用Binder与其它进程进行通信。
调用applicationInit方法，通过反射得到SystemServer类，className为com.android.server.SystemServer，然后找到SystemServer类 的main方法。传入MethodAndArgsCaller类并返回给ZygoteInit类的main方法。调用MethodAndArgsCaller类的run方法，MethodAndArgsCaller类是RuntimeInit类的静态类。最后动态调用SystemServer的main方法。
源码路径：frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/os/ZygoteInit.java
private static Runnable forkSystemServer(String abiList, String socketName,
ZygoteServer zygoteServer) {
...
if (pid == 0) {
if (hasSecondZygote(abiList)) {
waitForSecondaryZygote(socketName);
}
zygoteServer.closeServerSocket();
//处理SystemServer进程
return handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
}
}
private static Runnable handleSystemServerProcess(ZygoteArguments parsedArgs) {
...
ClassLoader cl = getOrCreateSystemServerClassLoader();
if (cl != null) {
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(cl);
}
//Pass the remaining arguments to SystemServer.
return ZygoteInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.mTargetSdkVersion,
parsedArgs.mDisabledCompatChanges,
parsedArgs.mRemainingArgs, cl);
}
public static Runnable zygoteInit(int targetSdkVersion, long[] disabledCompatChanges,
String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader) {
if (RuntimeInit.DEBUG) {
Slog.d(RuntimeInit.TAG, "RuntimeInit: Starting application from zygote");
}
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ZygoteInit");
RuntimeInit.redirectLogStreams();
RuntimeInit.commonInit();
//启动Binder线程池
ZygoteInit.nativeZygoteInit();
//进入SystemServer的main方法
return RuntimeInit.applicationInit(targetSdkVersion, disabledCompatChanges, argv,
classLoader);
}
public static void main(String[] argv) {
...
if (startSystemServer) {
Runnable r = forkSystemServer(abiList, zygoteSocketName, zygoteServer);
// {@code r == null} in the parent (zygote) process, and {@code r != null} in the
// child (system_server) process.
//MethodAndArgsCaller.run方法
if (r != null) {
r.run();
return;
}
}
}
源码路径：frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/os/RuntimeInit.java
protected static Runnable applicationInit(int targetSdkVersion, long[] disabledCompatChanges,
String[] argv, ClassLoader classLoader) {
...
// Remaining arguments are passed to the start class's static main
return findStaticMain(args.startClass, args.startArgs, classLoader);
}
protected static Runnable findStaticMain(String className, String[] argv,
ClassLoader classLoader) {
Class<?> cl;
try {
//反射得到SystemServer类
cl = Class.forName(className, true, classLoader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Missing class when invoking static main " + className,
ex);
}
Method m;
try {
//知道main方法
m = cl.getMethod("main", new Class[] { String[].class });
} catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Missing static main on " + className, ex);
} catch (SecurityException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Problem getting static main on " + className, ex);
}
int modifiers = m.getModifiers();
if (! (Modifier.isStatic(modifiers) && Modifier.isPublic(modifiers))) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Main method is not public and static on " + className);
}
/*
* This throw gets caught in ZygoteInit.main(), which responds
* by invoking the exception's run() method. This arrangement
* clears up all the stack frames that were required in setting
* up the process.
*/
return new MethodAndArgsCaller(m, argv);
}
static class MethodAndArgsCaller implements Runnable {
/** method to call */
private final Method mMethod;
/** argument array */
private final String[] mArgs;
public MethodAndArgsCaller(Method method, String[] args) {
mMethod = method;
mArgs = args;
}
public void run() {
try {
//动态调用SystemServer的main方法
mMethod.invoke(null, new Object[] { mArgs });
} catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
} catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
Throwable cause = ex.getCause();
if (cause instanceof RuntimeException) {
throw (RuntimeException) cause;
} else if (cause instanceof Error) {
throw (Error) cause;
}
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}
}
}
解析SystemServer进程
main方法调用了SystemServer的run方法，在run方法里，首先进行了一些系统属性的设置、加载动态库及创建系统的Context。然后创建了SystemServiceManager，它会对系统服务进行创建、管理和生命周期管理。接下来有四个关键方法。
startBootstrapServices(t)。启动引导服务。共启动了约25个引导服务。例如我们熟知的AMS、PMS等服务。其中主要创建引导服务及作用如下(所有服务查看对应方法)：
| 引导服务 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| Installer | 系统安装APK时候的一个服务类，启用完成Installer服务后才能启动其它的系统服务 |
| ActivityManagerService | 负责四大组件的启动、切换、调度 |
| PowerManagerService | Android系统中和Power相关的计算，决策系统电影策略 |
| LightService | 管理和显示背光LED |
| DisplayManagerService | 管理所有显示设备 |
| PackageManagerService | 对APK进行安装、解析、验签、卸载等操作 |
| UserManagerService | 多用户模式管理服务 |
| SensorService | Android各种感应器服务 |
| … | … |
startCoreServices(t)。启动核心服务。共启动了约11个核心服务。主要核心服务及作用如下(所有服务查看对应方法)：
| 核心服务 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| BatteryService | 管理电池相关服务 |
| UsageStatsService | 收集用户使用App的频率、使用时长 |
| WebViewUpdateService | Webview更新服务 |
| BugreportManagerService | bugreport的管理服务 |
| GpuService | 管理GPU资源的服务 |
| … | … |
startOtherServices(t)。启动其它服务。它启动了多达几十种服务。大多是我们使用设备功能息息相关的服务。主要其它服务及作用如下(所有服务查看对应方法)：
| 其它服务 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| AlarmManagerService | 定时器管理服务 |
| InputManagerService | 输入事件管理服务 |
| CameraServiceProxy | 摄像相关服务 |
| WindowManagerService | 窗口管理服务 |
| VrManagerService | VR模式管理服务 |
| BluetoothService | 蓝牙管理服务 |
| NotificationManagerService | 通知管理服务 |
| StorageManagerService | 存储管理服务 |
| LocationManagerService | 定位管理服务 |
| AudioService | 音频管理服务 |
| … | … |
在这个方法里，可以看到服务启动的多个阶段标志，如PHASE_SYSTEM_SERVICES_READY/PHASE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC_SERVICES_READY等。其中PHASE_BOOT_COMPLETED=1000;标志着完成了Android开机启动流程。系统服务更倾向于监听该阶段，而不是注册广播BOOT_COMPLETED，从而降低系统延迟。
startApexServices(t)。启动Apex服务。
Apex服务是指Android操作系统中的一种应用程序启动方式，它允许应用程序在设备启动时以系统服务的形式自动运行。这些服务通常包括系统应用、框架服务和系统UI等。它们在设备启动时会自动运行，并为用户提供各种基础功能和界面。
startApexServices方法会遍历所有已安装的Apex服务，并调用它们的启动方法，使它们在系统启动时自动运行。该方法在系统启动过程中被调用，是Android操作系统启动过程中的一部分。
从这里我们也能看出来，官方将系统服务分为了以上四种。它们启动方法相似。通过SystemServiceManager类的startService方法启动。我们以PowerManagerService为例进行分析如何启动。
startService中调用PowerManagerService类的onStart方法完成启动PowerManagerService。
除了通过SystemServiceManager类的startService方法启动外，还有通过对应Service的main方法启动，例如PackageManagerService。
由源码可知，PackageManagerService被注册到ServiceManager中。ServiceManager用来管理系统的各种Service，这些服务通过Binder通信机制与应用程序进行通信。
源码路径：frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/SystemServer.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
new SystemServer().run();
}
private void run() {
TimingsTraceAndSlog t = new TimingsTraceAndSlog();
try {
...
//创建消息Looper
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
Looper.getMainLooper().setSlowLogThresholdMs(
SLOW_DISPATCH_THRESHOLD_MS, SLOW_DELIVERY_THRESHOLD_MS);
SystemServiceRegistry.sEnableServiceNotFoundWtf = true;
// 加载动态库libandroid_servers.so
System.loadLibrary("android_servers");
// Allow heap / perf profiling.
initZygoteChildHeapProfiling();
// Debug builds - spawn a thread to monitor for fd leaks.
if (Build.IS_DEBUGGABLE) {
spawnFdLeakCheckThread();
}
// Check whether we failed to shut down last time we tried.
// This call may not return.
performPendingShutdown();
// 创建系统Context
createSystemContext();
// Call per-process mainline module initialization.
ActivityThread.initializeMainlineModules();
// Sets the dumper service
ServiceManager.addService("system_server_dumper", mDumper);
mDumper.addDumpable(this);
// 创建SystemServiceManager，对系统服务进行创建、启动和生命周期管理
mSystemServiceManager = new SystemServiceManager(mSystemContext);
mSystemServiceManager.setStartInfo(mRuntimeRestart,
mRuntimeStartElapsedTime, mRuntimeStartUptime);
mDumper.addDumpable(mSystemServiceManager);
LocalServices.addService(SystemServiceManager.class, mSystemServiceManager);
// Prepare the thread pool for init tasks that can be parallelized
SystemServerInitThreadPool tp = SystemServerInitThreadPool.start();
mDumper.addDumpable(tp);
...
} finally {
t.traceEnd(); // InitBeforeStartServices
}
// Setup the default WTF handler
RuntimeInit.setDefaultApplicationWtfHandler(SystemServer::handleEarlySystemWtf);
// Start services.
try {
t.traceBegin("StartServices");
//启动引导服务
startBootstrapServices(t);
//启动核心服务
startCoreServices(t);
//启动其它服务
startOtherServices(t);
//启动Apex服务
startApexServices(t);
} catch (Throwable ex) {
Slog.e("System", "******************************************");
Slog.e("System", "************ Failure starting system services", ex);
throw ex;
} finally {
t.traceEnd(); // StartServices
}
...
}
private void startBootstrapServices(@NonNull TimingsTraceAndSlog t) {
...
//启动AMS，ActivityTaskManagerService->ActivityManagerService
t.traceBegin("StartActivityManager");
ActivityTaskManagerService atm = mSystemServiceManager.startService(
ActivityTaskManagerService.Lifecycle.class).getService();
mActivityManagerService = ActivityManagerService.Lifecycle.startService(
mSystemServiceManager, atm);
mActivityManagerService.setSystemServiceManager(mSystemServiceManager);
mActivityManagerService.setInstaller(installer);
mWindowManagerGlobalLock = atm.getGlobalLock();
t.traceEnd();
t.traceBegin("StartPowerManager");
mPowerManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(PowerManagerService.class);
t.traceEnd();
t.traceBegin("StartPackageManagerService");
try {
Watchdog.getInstance().pauseWatchingCurrentThread("packagemanagermain");
Pair<PackageManagerService, IPackageManager> pmsPair = PackageManagerService.main(
mSystemContext, installer, domainVerificationService,
mFactoryTestMode != FactoryTest.FACTORY_TEST_OFF, mOnlyCore);
mPackageManagerService = pmsPair.first;
iPackageManager = pmsPair.second;
} finally {
Watchdog.getInstance().resumeWatchingCurrentThread("packagemanagermain");
}
...
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_WAIT_FOR_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);
...
}
private void startOtherServices(@NonNull TimingsTraceAndSlog t) {
...
// WMS needs sensor service ready
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_WAIT_FOR_SENSOR_SERVICE);
...
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_LOCK_SETTINGS_READY);
...
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_SYSTEM_SERVICES_READY);
...
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC_SERVICES_READY);
...
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_ACTIVITY_MANAGER_READY);
...
mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(t, SystemService.PHASE_THIRD_PARTY_APPS_CAN_START);
}
private void startApexServices(@NonNull TimingsTraceAndSlog t) {
List<ApexSystemServiceInfo> services = ApexManager.getInstance().getApexSystemServices();
for (ApexSystemServiceInfo info : services) {
String name = info.getName();
String jarPath = info.getJarPath();
t.traceBegin("starting " + name);
if (TextUtils.isEmpty(jarPath)) {
mSystemServiceManager.startService(name);
} else {
mSystemServiceManager.startServiceFromJar(name, jarPath);
}
t.traceEnd();
}
}
源码路径：frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/SystemServiceManager.java
public void startService(@NonNull final SystemService service) {
// Check if already started
String className = service.getClass().getName();
if (mServiceClassnames.contains(className)) {
Slog.i(TAG, "Not starting an already started service " + className);
return;
}
mServiceClassnames.add(className);
// Register it.
mServices.add(service);
// Start it.
long time = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
try {
//启动service
service.onStart();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to start service " + service.getClass().getName()
+ ": onStart threw an exception", ex);
}
warnIfTooLong(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - time, service, "onStart");
}
//系统服务启动指定的启动阶段
public void startBootPhase(@NonNull TimingsTraceAndSlog t, int phase) {
if (phase <= mCurrentPhase) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Next phase must be larger than previous");
}
mCurrentPhase = phase;
Slog.i(TAG, "Starting phase " + mCurrentPhase);
try {
t.traceBegin("OnBootPhase_" + phase);
final int serviceLen = mServices.size();
for (int i = 0; i < serviceLen; i++) {
final SystemService service = mServices.get(i);
long time = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
t.traceBegin("OnBootPhase_" + phase + "_" + service.getClass().getName());
try {
//系统服务的onBootPhase方法
service.onBootPhase(mCurrentPhase);
} catch (Exception ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to boot service "
+ service.getClass().getName()
+ ": onBootPhase threw an exception during phase "
+ mCurrentPhase, ex);
}
warnIfTooLong(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - time, service, "onBootPhase");
t.traceEnd();
}
} finally {
t.traceEnd();
}
//开机阶段
if (phase == SystemService.PHASE_BOOT_COMPLETED) {
final long totalBootTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - mRuntimeStartUptime;
t.logDuration("TotalBootTime", totalBootTime);
SystemServerInitThreadPool.shutdown();
}
}
public boolean isBootCompleted() {
return mCurrentPhase >= SystemService.PHASE_BOOT_COMPLETED;
}
源码路径：frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/PackageManagerService.java
public static Pair<PackageManagerService, IPackageManager> main(Context context,
Installer installer, @NonNull DomainVerificationService domainVerificationService,
boolean factoryTest, boolean onlyCore) {
...
PackageManagerService m = new PackageManagerService(injector, onlyCore, factoryTest,
PackagePartitions.FINGERPRINT, Build.IS_ENG, Build.IS_USERDEBUG,
Build.VERSION.SDK_INT, Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL);
...
IPackageManagerImpl iPackageManager = m.new IPackageManagerImpl();
ServiceManager.addService("package", iPackageManager);
...
}
SystemServer在启动系统服务存在多个阶段，如下所示：
源码路径：frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/SystemService.java
/**
* 系统在引导时向系统服务发送的最早引导阶段。
*/
public static final int PHASE_WAIT_FOR_DEFAULT_DISPLAY = 100;
/**
* 在SensorService可用性上阻塞的引导阶段。该服务是异步启动的，因为它可能需要一段时间才能完成初始化。
* @hide
*/
public static final int PHASE_WAIT_FOR_SENSOR_SERVICE = 200;
/**
* 在接收这个启动阶段后，服务可以获取锁设置数据。
*/
public static final int PHASE_LOCK_SETTINGS_READY = 480;
/**
* 在收到此启动阶段后，服务可以安全地调用核心系统服务
*/
public static final int PHASE_SYSTEM_SERVICES_READY = 500;
/**
* 在收到此启动阶段后，服务可以安全地调用设备特定的服务。
*/
public static final int PHASE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC_SERVICES_READY = 520;
/**
* 在收到此启动阶段后，服务可以广播意图。
*/
public static final int PHASE_ACTIVITY_MANAGER_READY = 550;
/**
* 在收到此启动阶段后，服务可以启动/绑定到第三方应用程序。应用程序将能够在此处对服务进行 Binder 调用。
*/
public static final int PHASE_THIRD_PARTY_APPS_CAN_START = 600;
/**
* 在收到此启动阶段后，服务允许用户与设备进行交互。此阶段发生在启动完成且主应用程序已启动时。系统服务可能更倾向于监听此阶 * 段，而不是注册ACTION_LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED减少整体延迟。
*/
public static final int PHASE_BOOT_COMPLETED = 1000;
总结
Zygote调用startSystemServer创建SystemServer进程。SystemServer进程启动了各种系统服务(四种)，并且SystemServer在启动系统服务有定义多个阶段。SystemServiceManager对系统服务进行管理。
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