继续刷题leetcode之hard模式
这题乍一看挺吓人的 ,不过正好前几个礼拜做过八皇后问题,对回溯法有一定的记忆和认知,然后还有的技巧是位运算,hashmap记录等等,尽可能地节省空间复杂度。思路如下,先遍历一遍二维数组,本次遍历是为了收集统计数据,哪些统计数据呢?有三个,第一,每一行还差哪些数字没填, 第二,每一列还有哪些数字没填,第三,每个block还有哪些数字没填,为了节省空间,那些数字没填就交给位运算的东西去做把,理论上只需要9个位就可以标记一行或者一列有那些数字没填,这个不用我多解释了吧?已有的就用0表示,没有的就用1表示。用比特map不仅可以节省空间,更重要的是还可以通过位运算做集合的并集操作,这也是大大节省时间复杂度的。
这里有个坑要注意的是,题目的输入是char[][],也就是是char型,适当的时候要注意转换成int型,而有时又需要从int型转回char型,为了方便,我直接写了两个函数来做这种处理。
有了以上基础以后,思路大概如下,找到第一个空位置,开始尝试该位置可能的值,可能的值由以上三个可能值集合求交集而来,接下来就是回溯发来,成功就往下走,失败就返回并恢复参数,注意恢复参数很重要,不然失败的子函数就会影响到下一次递归。
代码如下:
public class Solution {
public int getBlockIndex(int rowIndex, int colIndex){
return 3*(rowIndex/3)+(colIndex/3);
}
public int char2int(char a){
return (int)a-48;
}
public char int2char(int i){
return (char)(i+48);
}
public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {
Map<Integer,Integer> rowSet = new HashMap<>();
Map<Integer,Integer> colSet = new HashMap<>();
Map<Integer,Integer> blockSet = new HashMap<>();
// initialization
for(int k = 0; k<9; k++){
rowSet.put(k, (int)Math.pow(2,9)-1);
colSet.put(k, (int)Math.pow(2,9)-1);
blockSet.put(k, (int)Math.pow(2,9)-1);
}
//after this, statistics are collected
for(int row=0;row<board.length;row++){
for(int col=0;col<board[row].length;col++){
if(board[row][col]=='.'){
continue;
}
rowSet.put(row,rowSet.get(row) & ~(1 << char2int(board[row][col])-1));
colSet.put(col,colSet.get(col) & ~(1 << char2int(board[row][col])-1));
blockSet.put(getBlockIndex(row,col),blockSet.get(getBlockIndex(row,col)) & ~(1 << char2int(board[row][col])-1));
}
}
for(int row=0;row<board.length;row++) {
for (int col = 0; col < board[row].length; col++) {
if(board[row][col]!='.'){
continue;
}
int options = (rowSet.get(row) & colSet.get(col) & blockSet.get(getBlockIndex(row, col)));
enumerate(board, row, col, rowSet, colSet, blockSet, options);
// has to break here because enumerate can handle all, we only need to enumerate from the first '.' character
break;
}
}
}
private static class Position{
int row;
int col;
public Position(int row, int col) {
this.row = row;
this.col = col;
}
}
public Position nextPosition(char[][] board, int row, int col){
if(col<board[0].length-1){
return new Position(row, col+1);
}else{
if(row<board.length-1){
return new Position(row+1, 0);
}else{
return null;
}
}
}
public Position nextEmptyCel(char[][] board, int row, int col){
Position position = nextPosition(board, row, col);
while(position!=null){
if(board[position.row][position.col]=='.'){
return position;
}
position = nextPosition(board, position.row, position.col);
}
return null;
}
public boolean enumerate(char[][] board, int row, int col, Map<Integer,Integer> rowSet, Map<Integer,Integer> colSet, Map<Integer,Integer> blockSet, int options){
if(board[row][col]!='.'){
return false;
}
// no option to try, means fail
if(options==0){
return false;
}
char originBoardValue;
int originRowSetValue;
int originColSetValue;
int originBlockSetValue;
//extract positions from options
for(int i = 0; i<9; i++){
if(((options >> i) & 1) ==1){
int pos = i+1;
//try with value pos in row, col
originBoardValue = board[row][col]; //backup
board[row][col] = int2char(pos);
//update rowSet
originRowSetValue = rowSet.get(row);
rowSet.put(row,rowSet.get(row) & ~(1 << pos-1));
//update colSet
originColSetValue = colSet.get(col);
colSet.put(col,colSet.get(col) & ~(1 << pos-1));
//update blockSet
originBlockSetValue = blockSet.get(getBlockIndex(row, col));
blockSet.put(getBlockIndex(row, col),blockSet.get(getBlockIndex(row,col)) & ~(1 << pos-1));
//enumerate next (row,col) with '.' value, and calculate its options
Position next = nextEmptyCel(board, row, col);
if(next==null){
return true;
}
int nextRow = next.row;
int nextCol = next.col;
int newOptions = (rowSet.get(nextRow) & colSet.get(nextCol) & blockSet.get(getBlockIndex(nextRow, nextCol)));
if(enumerate(board, nextRow,nextCol, rowSet, colSet, blockSet, newOptions)){
return true;
}else{
//recover sets and continue;
board[row][col]=originBoardValue;
rowSet.put(row,originRowSetValue);
colSet.put(col, originColSetValue);
blockSet.put(getBlockIndex(row, col), originBlockSetValue);
}
}
}
return false;
}
}