Chapter 2 The ARM Archetecture——Cortex-A Series Programmer's Guide

本文深入探讨了ARM Cortex-A系列处理器架构的关键特点,包括其设计原理、指令集和性能优化等方面,为程序员提供了宝贵的参考指南。

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	/* Chapter 1 Introduction 介绍了片上系统SoC和嵌入式系统,都是了解过的一些概念。 */
本章的内容:
1. The programmer must distinguish between behaviors which are specific to the following: 
	有:Architecture	Micro-architecture	Processor	Core	Individual systems
	Architecture架构:一谈架构你就要跟指令集,寄存器,中断处理和编程模型联系在一起
This Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide is protected by copyright and the practice or implementation of the information herein may be protected by one or more patents or pending applications. No part of this Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide may be reproduced in any form by any means without the express prior written permission of ARM. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise to any intellectual property rights is granted by this Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide. Your access to the information in this Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide is conditional upon your acceptance that you will not use or permit others to use the information for the purposes of determining whether implementations of the information herein infringe any third party patents. This Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide is provided “as is”. ARM makes no representations or warranties, either express or implied, included but not limited to, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement, that the content of this Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide is suitable for any particular purpose or that any practice or implementation of the contents of the Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide will not infringe any third party patents, copyrights, trade secrets, or other rights. This Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide may include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ARM be liable for any damages, including without limitation any direct loss, lost revenue, lost profits or data, special, indirect, consequential, incidental or punitive damages, however caused and regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to any furnishing, practicing, modifying or any use of this Programmer’s Guide, even if ARM has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The information provided herein is subject to U.S. export control laws, including the U.S. Export Administration Act and its associated regulations, and may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. You agree to comply fully with all laws and regulations of the United States and other countries (“Export Laws”) to assure that neither the information herein, nor any direct products thereof are; (i) exported, directly or indirectly, in violation of Export Laws, either to any countries that are subject to U.S. export restrictions or to any end user who has been prohibited from participating in the U.S. export transactions by any federal agency of the U.S. government; or (ii) intended to be used for any purpose prohibited by Export Laws, including, without limitation, nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons proliferation. Words and logos marked with ® or ™ are registered trademarks or trademarks of ARM Limited, except as otherwise stated below in this proprietary notice. Other brands and names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Copyright © 2011, 2012 ARM Limited, 110 Fulbourn Road Cambridge, CB1 9NJ, England This document is Non-Confidential but any disclosure by you is subject to you providing notice to and the
<think>嗯,用户之前问过如何系统学习ARMv8 GIC,现在接着问这三本文档的区别。我需要先确认这三本书各自的内容重点,以及用户可能的实际需求。用户可能是在学习过程中遇到了这些参考资料,但不太清楚各自的作用,需要明确每本书的定位和适用场景。 首先,《ARM Cortex-A Series Programmer’s Guide》,根据之前的回答,它应该是介绍Cortex-A系列处理器的编程指南,涵盖架构基础、异常处理、内存管理等,适合开发者入门。然后《ARM System Developers Guide》可能更侧重系统级设计,比如多核、缓存、总线等,适合系统开发者。RTM文档,应该是Technical Reference Manual,详细描述具体芯片的寄存器、指令集等,供底层开发参考。 用户可能是在学习过程中需要查阅这些文档,但不知道先看哪本,或者每本的重点是什么。需要区分它们的层次:Programmer's Guide是编程指导,System Guide是系统设计,RTM是具体技术参考。用户可能需要指导如何合理利用这些资料来支持他们的学习或开发工作。 还要注意用户可能的背景,可能是嵌入式开发者或学生,对ARM架构有一定了解,但需要更系统的指导。需要用简明扼要的语言解释每本书的内容,避免术语过多,同时给出应用场景,帮助用户选择适合自己阶段的资料。 另外,用户可能混淆了RTM和其他文档的关系,需要明确RTM是针对具体处理器的技术参考,而前两本更通用。同时,结合之前的回答,用户可能已经接触过GIC的学习,现在扩展阅读到更广泛的ARM文档,因此需要强调这些资料在整体学习路径中的位置。 最后,确保回答结构清晰,分点说明每本资料的内容、侧重点和适用场景,帮助用户建立系统的学习路径。</think>以下是关于三本ARM技术文档的详细解析: --- ### **1. 《ARM Cortex-A Series Programmer's Guide》** #### **定位与内容** - **核心定位**:Cortex-A处理器编程实践指南 - **核心内容**: - Cortex-A系列架构特性(ARMv7/ARMv8对比) - 异常等级(EL0-EL3)与执行状态切换 - 内存管理单元(MMU)与缓存配置 - 多核启动流程(CPU hotplug与电源管理) - 调试接口(JTAG/ETM跟踪) #### **典型应用场景** ```c // 示例:查看当前异常等级 uint64_t current_el; asm volatile("mrs %0, CurrentEL" : "=r" (current_el)); current_el = (current_el >> 2) & 0x3; // 返回当前EL等级(0-3) ``` - 裸机程序开发 - Bootloader实现(如ATF/Uboot) - 操作系统内核移植 --- ### **2. 《ARM System Developers Guide》** #### **定位与内容** - **核心定位**:ARM系统级硬件设计指南 - **核心内容**: - AMBA总线协议(AXI/AHB/APB) - 多核一致性互联(CCI/CMN) - 物理地址映射策略 - 低功耗设计(Clock Gating/ Power Domain) - 安全子系统(TrustZone硬件实现) #### **典型应用场景** ```markdown 1. 设计基于Cortex-A的SoC芯片 2. 验证DMA与CPU的内存一致性 3. 实现跨处理器的Cache同步 ``` --- ### **3. RTM(Technical Reference Manual)** #### **定位与内容** - **核心定位**:**具体芯片**的技术参考手册 - **核心内容**: - 芯片寄存器位域定义(例如: ```c // 示例:GICD_CTLR寄存器定义 #define GICD_CTLR_ENABLE_GRP0 (1 << 0) #define GICD_CTLR_ENABLE_GRP1 (1 << 1) ``` - 芯片专属电气特性(时钟频率/功耗曲线) - 芯片勘误表(Errata)与硬件缺陷规避方案 #### **典型应用场景** ```bash # 查看Cortex-A53的TRM编号 $ arm-info --cpu=cortex-a53 | grep TRM Documentation: ARM DDI 0500J (ID0705, rev r0p4) ``` --- ### **三者的关系与学习顺序** 1. **学习顺序**: `Programmer's Guide` → `System Developers Guide` → `RTM` 2. **使用关系**: - 前两者提供通用知识框架 - RTM提供具体芯片的寄存器级细节 3. **典型开发流程**: ```mermaid graph LR A[架构设计] --> B[使用System Guide设计总线] B --> C[通过Programmer's Guide编写启动代码] C --> D[查阅RTM配置芯片专属寄存器] ``` --- ### **文档获取途径** 1. 官方渠道: - [ARM Developer](https://developer.arm.com)(需注册账户) - 芯片厂商SDK(如NXP/ST提供的BSP包) 2. 开源资源: - Linux内核文档(`Documentation/arm/`目录) - QEMU仿真器的虚拟平台技术文档 建议优先阅读《Programmer's Guide》建立体系化认知,再结合具体芯片的RTM进行实践开发。
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