编译预处理
专题三:编译预处理。包括以下章节:
- 编译过程简介
- 宏定义与宏使用分析
- 条件编译使用分析
- #error和#line
- #pragma预处理分析
- #和##运算符使用解析
你不知道的事
- gcc file.c file.h命令的过程
预编译
- 处理所有的注释,用空格替换
- 处理#define宏定义:删除所有宏定义,展开所有宏定义
- 处理条件编译指令#if,#ifdef,#elif,#else,#elseif
- 处理#include:展开被包含的文件
保留预编译器需要使用的#pragma
预处理指令:gcc -E file.c -o file.i
编译
- 对预处理文件进行一系列词法分析,语法分析和语义分析
- 词法分析主要分析关键字,标示符,立即数等是否合法
- 语法分析主要分析表达式是否遵循语法规则
- 语义分析在语法分析基础上进一步分析表达式是否合法
分析结束后进行代码优化生成相应的汇编代码文件
预处理指令:gcc -S file.c -o file.s
汇编
汇编器将汇编代码转变为机器码(机器可以执行的指令)
- 每个汇编语句几乎对应一条机器指令
预处理指令:gcc -c file.s -o file.o
链接器
- 链接器主要是将有关各个模块的目标文件彼此相连接生成可加载、可执行的目标文件。
- 链接器有两种链接方式:静态链接和动态链接
- 静态链接:链接器将函数的代码从其所在地(目标文件或静态链接库中)拷贝到最终的可执行程序中。
- 动态链接:只提供符号表和其他少量信息用于保证所有符号引用都有定义,保证编译顺利通过。在运行时此可执行文件被执行时,动态链接库的全部内容将被映射到运行时相应进程的虚地址空间。
- 静态链接和动态链接优缺点
- **静态链接:优点:在编译阶段已经完成拷贝,不需要重定位目标文件,节省时间;
- 缺点:目标文件会很大,占用更多内存**
- **动态链接:优点:更新动态库,无需重新链接;运行中可供多个程序使用,内存中只需要有一份,节省内存。
- 缺点:对于大系统,重新链接是一个非常耗时的过程**
小结
- 编译器的编译工作主要分为预处理,编译,汇编三部分
- 链接器的工作是把各个独立的模块链接为可执行文件
- 静态链接在编译器完成,动态链接在运行期完成
实例分析1-1:源代码单步编译示例
hello.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define HELLOWORLD "hello world!\n"
int main()
{
printf(HELLOWORLD);
return 0;
}
执行命令:gcc -E hello.c -o hello.i
hello.i
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<命令行>"
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
# 324 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/predefs.h" 1 3 4
# 325 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 357 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 378 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 379 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 358 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 389 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 5 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 390 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 212 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef long unsigned int size_t;
# 35 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;
typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef signed short int __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;
typedef signed int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
typedef signed long int __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uint64_t;
typedef long int __quad_t;
typedef unsigned long int __u_quad_t;
# 131 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4
# 132 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
typedef unsigned long int __dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __uid_t;
typedef unsigned int __gid_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino64_t;
typedef unsigned int __mode_t;
typedef unsigned long int __nlink_t;
typedef long int __off_t;
typedef long int __off64_t;
typedef int __pid_t;
typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;
typedef long int __clock_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim64_t;
typedef unsigned int __id_t;
typedef long int __time_t;
typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds_t;
typedef int __daddr_t;
typedef long int __swblk_t;
typedef int __key_t;
typedef int __clockid_t;
typedef void * __timer_t;
typedef long int __blksize_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt64_t;
typedef long int __ssize_t;
typedef __off64_t __loff_t;
typedef __quad_t *__qaddr_t;
typedef char *__caddr_t;
typedef long int __intptr_t;
typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;
# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 45 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_FILE;
typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
# 65 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;
# 75 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/libio.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 1 3 4
# 15 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 16 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4
# 83 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4
typedef struct
{
int __count;
union
{
unsigned int __wch;
char __wchb[4];
} __value;
} __mbstate_t;
# 21 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4
typedef struct
{
__off_t __pos;
__mbstate_t __state;
} _G_fpos_t;
typedef struct
{
__off64_t __pos;
__mbstate_t __state;
} _G_fpos64_t;
# 53 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
typedef int _G_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
typedef int _G_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
typedef unsigned int _G_uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
typedef unsigned int _G_uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
# 33 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4
# 53 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 54 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4
# 172 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_jump_t; struct _IO_FILE;
# 182 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
typedef void _IO_lock_t;
/*......此处省略n行*/
extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 940 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 ///此处以上都是<stdio.h>展开的内容
# 2 "hello.c" 2
//此处删除了宏定义#define HELLOWORLD
int main()
{
printf("hello world!\n");//宏定义#define HELLOWORLD直接替换
return 0;
}
为了更容易理解,修改hello.c
hello.c
//#include <stdio.h>
#define HELLOWORLD "hello world!\n"
int main()
{
printf(HELLOWORLD);
return 0;
}
预编译处理:执行命令:gcc -E hello.c -o hello.i
hello.i
//此处删除了注释//#include <stdio.h>
//以下是一些说明文字,不会执行
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<命令行>"
# 1 "hello.c"
int main()
{
printf("hello world!\n");//预处理器直接替换宏定义
return 0;
}
编译处理:执行命令:gcc -S hello.c -o hello.s 或者 gcc -S hello.i -o hello.s
hello.s
.file "hello.c"
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string "hello world!"
.text
.globl main
.type main, @function
main:
.LFB0:
.cfi_startproc
pushq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
.cfi_offset 6, -16
movq %rsp, %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
movl $.LC0, %edi
call puts
movl $0, %eax
popq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
ret
.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
.size main, .-main
.ident "GCC: (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 4.6.3"
.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
汇编处理:执行命令:gcc -c hello.s -o hello.o 或者 gcc -c hello.c -o hello.o
hello.o
//二进制代码,无法打开(都是1和0)。
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