Go中的Channel——range和select

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本文介绍了Go语言中Channel的关键字使用，包括如何通过`range`自动检测channel关闭，以及如何利用`select`处理多个channel。通过实例展示了在并发编程中，如何优雅地处理蛋糕制作工厂的多口味蛋糕生产和装箱过程，强调了正确关闭channel的重要性。

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数据接受者总是面临这样的问题：何时停止等待数据？还会有更多的数据么，还是所有内容都完成了？我应该继续等待还是该做别的了？

对于该问题，一个可选的方式是，持续的访问数据源并检查channel是否已经关闭，但是这并不是高效的解决方式。Go提供了range关键字，将其使用在channel上时，会自动等待channel的动作一直到channel被关闭

示例代码1
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
"strconv"
)
func makeCakeAndSend(cs chan string, count int) {
for i := 1; i <= count; i++ {
cakeName := "Strawberry Cake " + strconv.Itoa(i)
cs <- cakeName //send a strawberry cake
}
}
func receiveCakeAndPack(cs chan string) {
for s := range cs {
fmt.Println("Packing received cake: ", s)
}
}
func main() {
cs := make(chan string)
go makeCakeAndSend(cs, 5)
go receiveCakeAndPack(cs)
//sleep for a while so that the program doesn’t exit immediately
time.Sleep(3 * 1e9)
}

输出结果
Packing received cake: Strawberry Cake 1
Packing received cake: Strawberry Cake 2
Packing received cake: Strawberry Cake 3
Packing received cake: Strawberry Cake 4
Packing received cake: Strawberry Cake 5

我们告诉了蛋糕制作器我们需要5个蛋糕，但是蛋糕装箱器并不知道数目，而在之前版本的代码中，我们写死了具体的接收数目。上面的代码中，通过对channel使用range关键字，我们避免了给接收者写明要接收的数据个数这种不合理的需求——当channel被关闭时，接收者的for循环也被自动停止了

Channel and select

select关键字用于多个channel的结合，这些channel会通过类似于are-you-ready polling的机制来工作。select中会有case代码块，用于发送或接收数据——不论通过<-操作符指定的发送还是接收操作准备好时，channel也就准备好了。在select中也可以有一个default代码块，其一直是准备好的。那么，在select中，哪一个代码块被执行的算法大致如下：

检查每个case代码块
如果任意一个case代码块准备好发送或接收，执行对应内容
如果多余一个case代码块准备好发送或接收，随机选取一个并执行对应内容
如果任何一个case代码块都没有准备好，等待
如果有default代码块，并且没有任何case代码块准备好，执行default代码块对应内容

在下面的程序中，我们扩展蛋糕制作工厂来模拟多于一种口味的蛋糕生产的情况——现在有草莓和巧克力两种口味！但是装箱机制还是同以前一样的。由于蛋糕来自不同的channel，而装箱器不知道确切的何时会有何种蛋糕放置到某个或多个channel上，这就可以用select语句来处理所有这些情况——一旦某一个channel准备好接收蛋糕/数据，select就会完成该对应的代码块内容

注意，我们这里使用的多个返回值case cakeName, strbry_ok := <-strbry_cs，第二个返回值是一个bool类型，当其为false时说明channel被关闭了。如果是true，说明有一个值被成功传递了。我们使用这个值来判断是否应该停止等待

示例代码2
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
"strconv"
)
func makeCakeAndSend(cs chan string, flavor string, count int) {
for i := 1; i <= count; i++ {
cakeName := flavor + " Cake " + strconv.Itoa(i)
cs <- cakeName //send a strawberry cake
}
close(cs)
}
func receiveCakeAndPack(strbry_cs chan string, choco_cs chan string) {
strbry_closed, choco_closed := false, false
for {
//if both channels are closed then we can stop
if (strbry_closed && choco_closed) { return }
fmt.Println("Waiting for a new cake ...")
select {
case cakeName, strbry_ok := <-strbry_cs:
if (!strbry_ok) {
strbry_closed = true
fmt.Println(" ... Strawberry channel closed!")
} else {
fmt.Println("Received from Strawberry channel. Now packing", cakeName)
}
case cakeName, choco_ok := <-choco_cs:
if (!choco_ok) {
choco_closed = true
fmt.Println(" ... Chocolate channel closed!")
} else {
fmt.Println("Received from Chocolate channel. Now packing", cakeName)
}
}
}
}
func main() {
strbry_cs := make(chan string)
choco_cs := make(chan string)
//two cake makers
go makeCakeAndSend(choco_cs, "Chocolate", 3) //make 3 chocolate cakes and send
go makeCakeAndSend(strbry_cs, "Strawberry", 3) //make 3 strawberry cakes and send
//one cake receiver and packer
go receiveCakeAndPack(strbry_cs, choco_cs) //pack all cakes received on these cake channels
//sleep for a while so that the program doesn’t exit immediately
time.Sleep(2 * 1e9)
}

输出结果
Waiting for a new cake ...
Received from Strawberry channel. Now packing Strawberry Cake 1
Waiting for a new cake ...
Received from Chocolate channel. Now packing Chocolate Cake 1
Waiting for a new cake ...
Received from Chocolate channel. Now packing Chocolate Cake 2
Waiting for a new cake ...
Received from Strawberry channel. Now packing Strawberry Cake 2
Waiting for a new cake ...
Received from Strawberry channel. Now packing Strawberry Cake 3
Waiting for a new cake ...
Received from Chocolate channel. Now packing Chocolate Cake 3
Waiting for a new cake ...
... Strawberry channel closed!
Waiting for a new cake ...
... Chocolate channel closed!

写在最后

实际上，有经验的Gopher一眼就能发现，示例代码1中的channel是没有正确关闭的，在for range语句的执行一直没有停止因为channel一直存在而没有被关闭，只不过随着time.Sleep()结束，main函数退出，所有的goroutine被关闭，该语句也被结束了而已

正确的解决步骤：
a)发送器一旦停止发送数据后立即关闭channel
b)接收器一旦停止接收内容，终止程序
c)移除time.Sleep语句

修改后代码：

package main
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
func makeCakeAndSend(cs chan string, count int) {
for i := 1; i <= count; i++ {
cakeName := "Strawberry Cake " + strconv.Itoa(i)
cs <- cakeName //send a strawberry cake
}
close(cs)
}
func receiveCakeAndPack(cs chan string) {
for s := range cs {
fmt.Println("Packing received cake: ", s)
}
}
func main() {
cs := make(chan string)
go makeCakeAndSend(cs, 5)
receiveCakeAndPack(cs)
}

这样才是对channel使用range进行处理的优雅方法

同样的，第二个例子中，time.Sleep()语句可以去除掉，我们只需要让receiveCakeAndPack函数执行完毕后退出程序即可

修改后代码：

package main
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
func makeCakeAndSend(cs chan string, flavor string, count int) {
for i := 1; i <= count; i++ {
cakeName := flavor + " Cake " + strconv.Itoa(i)
cs <- cakeName //send a strawberry cake
}
close(cs)
}
func receiveCakeAndPack(strbry_cs chan string, choco_cs chan string) {
strbry_closed, choco_closed := false, false
for {
//if both channels are closed then we can stop
if strbry_closed && choco_closed {
return
}
fmt.Println("Waiting for a new cake ...")
select {
case cakeName, strbry_ok := <-strbry_cs:
if !strbry_ok {
strbry_closed = true
fmt.Println(" ... Strawberry channel closed!")
} else {
fmt.Println("Received from Strawberry channel. Now packing", cakeName)
}
case cakeName, choco_ok := <-choco_cs:
if !choco_ok {
choco_closed = true
fmt.Println(" ... Chocolate channel closed!")
} else {
fmt.Println("Received from Chocolate channel. Now packing", cakeName)
}
}
}
}
func main() {
strbry_cs := make(chan string)
choco_cs := make(chan string)
//two cake makers
go makeCakeAndSend(choco_cs, "Chocolate", 3) //make 3 chocolate cakes and send
go makeCakeAndSend(strbry_cs, "Strawberry", 4) //make 3 strawberry cakes and send
//one cake receiver and packer
receiveCakeAndPack(strbry_cs, choco_cs) //pack all cakes received on these cake channels
}