Memory Overcommit
1.什么是OverCommit Memory?
Memory Overcommit:操作系统承诺给进程内存大小超过了实际可用的内存。一个保守的操作系统不会允许memory overcommit,有多少就分配多少,再申请就没有了,这其实有些浪费内存,因为进程实际使用到的内存往往比申请的内存要少,比如某个进程malloc()了200MB内存,但实际上只用到了100MB,按照UNIX/Linux的算法,物理内存页的分配发生在使用的瞬间,而不是在申请的瞬间,也就是说未用到的100MB内存根本就没有分配,这100MB内存就闲置了。下面这个概念很重要,是理解memory overcommit的关键:commit(或overcommit)针对的是内存申请,内存申请不等于内存分配,内存只在实际用到的时候才 分配。
2.内核OverCommitMemory机制
Linux是允许memory overcommit的,只要你来申请内存我就给你,寄希望于进程实际上用不到那么多内存,但万一用到那么多了呢?那就会发生类似“银行挤兑”的危机,现金(内存)不足了。Linux设计了一个OOM killer机制(OOM = out-of-memory)来处理这种危机:挑选一个进程出来杀死,以腾出部分内存,如果还不够就继续杀…也可通过设置内核参数 vm.panic_on_oom 使得发生OOM时自动重启系统。这都是有风险的机制,重启有可能造成业务中断,杀死进程也有可能导致业务中断。所以Linux 2.6之后允许通过内核参数 vm.overcommit_memory 禁止memory overcommit
echo 0|1|2 > /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
内核参数 overcommit_memory 接受三种取值:
- 0 – Heuristic overcommit handling. 这是缺省值,它允许overcommit,但过于明目张胆的overcommit会被拒绝,比如malloc一次性申请的内存大小就超过了系统总内存。Heuristic的意思是“试探式的”,内核利用某种算法(对该算法的详细解释请看文末)猜测你的内存申请是否合理,它认为不合理就会拒绝overcommit。
- 1 – Always overcommit. 允许overcommit,对内存申请来者不拒。
- 2 – Don’t overcommit. 禁止overcommit。
关于禁止overcommit (overcommit_memory=2) ,需要知道的是,怎样才算是overcommit呢?kernel设有一个阈值,申请的内存总数超过这个阈值就算overcommit,在/proc/meminfo中可以看到这个阈值的大小:
# grep -i commit /proc/meminfo
CommitLimit: 5967744 kB
Committed_AS: 5363236 kB
CommitLimit 就是overcommit的阈值,申请的内存总数超过CommitLimit的话就算是overcommit。
这个阈值是如何计算出来的呢?它既不是物理内存的大小,也不是free memory的大小,它是通过内核参数overcommit_ratio或overcommit_kbytes间接设置的,公式如下:
CommitLimit = (Physical RAM * overcommit_ratio / 100) + Swap
vm.overcommit_ratio 是内核参数,缺省值是50,表示物理内存的50%。如果你不想使用比率,也可以直接指定内存的字节数大小,通过另一个内核参数 vm.overcommit_kbytes 即可;
如果使用了huge pages,那么需要从物理内存中减去,公式变成:
CommitLimit = ([total RAM] – [total huge TLB RAM]) * overcommit_ratio / 100 + swap
/proc/meminfo中的 Committed_AS 表示所有进程已经申请的内存总大小,(注意是已经申请的,不是已经分配的),如果 Committed_AS 超过 CommitLimit 就表示发生了 overcommit,超出越多表示 overcommit 越严重。Committed_AS 的含义换一种说法就是,如果要绝对保证不发生OOM (out of memory) 需要多少物理内存。
3.Heuristic overcommit算法
内核参数 vm.overcommit_memory 的值0,1,2对应的源代码如下,其中heuristic overcommit对应的是OVERCOMMIT_GUESS:
源文件:source/include/linux/mman.h
#define OVERCOMMIT_GUESS 0
#define OVERCOMMIT_ALWAYS 1
#define OVERCOMMIT_NEVER 2
Heuristic overcommit算法在以下函数中实现,基本上可以这么理解:
单次申请的内存大小不能超过 【free memory + free swap + pagecache的大小 + SLAB中可回收的部分】,否则本次申请就会失败。
/*
* Check that a process has enough memory to allocate a new virtual
* mapping. 0 means there is enough memory for the allocation to
* succeed and -ENOMEM implies there is not.
*
* We currently support three overcommit policies, which are set via the
* vm.overcommit_memory sysctl. See Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting
*
* Strict overcommit modes added 2002 Feb 26 by Alan Cox.
* Additional code 2002 Jul 20 by Robert Love.
*
* cap_sys_admin is 1 if the process has admin privileges, 0 otherwise.
*
* Note this is a helper function intended to be used by LSMs which
* wish to use this logic.
*/
int __vm_enough_memory(struct mm_struct *mm, long pages, int cap_sys_admin)
{
long free, allowed, reserve;
VM_WARN_ONCE(percpu_counter_read(&vm_committed_as) <
-(s64)vm_committed_as_batch * num_online_cpus(),
"memory commitment underflow");
vm_acct_memory(pages);
/*
* Sometimes we want to use more memory than we have
*/
if (sysctl_overcommit_memory == OVERCOMMIT_ALWAYS)
return 0;
if (sysctl_overcommit_memory == OVERCOMMIT_GUESS) {
free = global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES);
free += global_page_state(NR_FILE_PAGES);
/*
* shmem pages shouldn't be counted as free in this
* case, they can't be purged, only swapped out, and
* that won't affect the overall amount of available
* memory in the system.
*/
free -= global_page_state(NR_SHMEM);
free += get_nr_swap_pages();
/*
* Any slabs which are created with the
* SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag claim to have contents
* which are reclaimable, under pressure. The dentry
* cache and most inode caches should fall into this
*/
free += global_page_state(NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE);
/*
* Leave reserved pages. The pages are not for anonymous pages.
*/
if (free <= totalreserve_pages)
goto error;
else
free -= totalreserve_pages;
/*
* Reserve some for root
*/
if (!cap_sys_admin)
free -= sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);
if (free > pages)
return 0;
goto error;
}
allowed = vm_commit_limit();
/*
* Reserve some for root
*/
if (!cap_sys_admin)
allowed -= sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);
/*
* Don't let a single process grow so big a user can't recover
*/
if (mm) {
reserve = sysctl_user_reserve_kbytes >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);
allowed -= min_t(long, mm->total_vm / 32, reserve);
}
if (percpu_counter_read_positive(&vm_committed_as) < allowed)
return 0;
error:
vm_unacct_memory(pages);
return -ENOMEM;
}
4.引用
本文基本来自https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/fly0512/article/details/112170924,仅作了格式修改
https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/fly0512/article/details/112170924
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting