quartz---CronExpression表达式

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本文详细介绍了Cron表达式的基本构成、语法规范及常见用法，包括时间元素的设定、特殊字符的使用和复杂时间组合的实现，旨在帮助开发者高效地安排任务调度。

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Provides a parser and evaluator for unix-like cron expressions. Cron expressions provide the ability to specify complex time combinations such as "At 8:00am every Monday through Friday" or "At 1:30am every last Friday of the month".

Cron expressions are comprised of 6 required fields and one optional field separated by white space. The fields respectively are described as follows:

Field Name	Allowed Values	Allowed Special Characters
`Seconds`	`0-59`	`, - * /`
`Minutes`	`0-59`	`, - * /`
`Hours`	`0-23`	`, - * /`
`Day-of-month`	`1-31`	`, - * ? / L W`
`Month`	`1-12 or JAN-DEC`	`, - * /`
`Day-of-Week`	`1-7 or SUN-SAT`	`, - * ? / L #`
`Year (Optional)`	`empty, 1970-2199`	`, - * /`

The '*' character is used to specify all values. For example, "*" in the minute field means "every minute".

The '?' character is allowed for the day-of-month and day-of-week fields. It is used to specify 'no specific value'. This is useful when you need to specify something in one of the two fields, but not the other.

The '-' character is used to specify ranges For example "10-12" in the hour field means "the hours 10, 11 and 12".

The ',' character is used to specify additional values. For example "MON,WED,FRI" in the day-of-week field means "the days Monday, Wednesday, and Friday".

The '/' character is used to specify increments. For example "0/15" in the seconds field means "the seconds 0, 15, 30, and 45". And "5/15" in the seconds field means "the seconds 5, 20, 35, and 50". Specifying '*' before the '/' is equivalent to specifying 0 is the value to start with. Essentially, for each field in the expression, there is a set of numbers that can be turned on or off. For seconds and minutes, the numbers range from 0 to 59. For hours 0 to 23, for days of the month 0 to 31, and for months 1 to 12. The "/" character simply helps you turn on every "nth" value in the given set. Thus "7/6" in the month field only turns on month "7", it does NOT mean every 6th month, please note that subtlety.

The 'L' character is allowed for the day-of-month and day-of-week fields. This character is short-hand for "last", but it has different meaning in each of the two fields. For example, the value "L" in the day-of-month field means "the last day of the month" - day 31 for January, day 28 for February on non-leap years. If used in the day-of-week field by itself, it simply means "7" or "SAT". But if used in the day-of-week field after another value, it means "the last xxx day of the month" - for example "6L" means "the last friday of the month". You can also specify an offset from the last day of the month, such as "L-3" which would mean the third-to-last day of the calendar month. When using the 'L' option, it is important not to specify lists, or ranges of values, as you'll get confusing/unexpected results.

The 'W' character is allowed for the day-of-month field. This character is used to specify the weekday (Monday-Friday) nearest the given day. As an example, if you were to specify "15W" as the value for the day-of-month field, the meaning is: "the nearest weekday to the 15th of the month". So if the 15th is a Saturday, the trigger will fire on Friday the 14th. If the 15th is a Sunday, the trigger will fire on Monday the 16th. If the 15th is a Tuesday, then it will fire on Tuesday the 15th. However if you specify "1W" as the value for day-of-month, and the 1st is a Saturday, the trigger will fire on Monday the 3rd, as it will not 'jump' over the boundary of a month's days. The 'W' character can only be specified when the day-of-month is a single day, not a range or list of days.

The 'L' and 'W' characters can also be combined for the day-of-month expression to yield 'LW', which translates to "last weekday of the month".

The '#' character is allowed for the day-of-week field. This character is used to specify "the nth" XXX day of the month. For example, the value of "6#3" in the day-of-week field means the third Friday of the month (day 6 = Friday and "#3" = the 3rd one in the month). Other examples: "2#1" = the first Monday of the month and "4#5" = the fifth Wednesday of the month. Note that if you specify "#5" and there is not 5 of the given day-of-week in the month, then no firing will occur that month. If the '#' character is used, there can only be one expression in the day-of-week field ("3#1,6#3" is not valid, since there are two expressions).

The legal characters and the names of months and days of the week are not case sensitive.

NOTES:

Support for specifying both a day-of-week and a day-of-month value is not complete (you'll need to use the '?' character in one of these fields).
Overflowing ranges is supported - that is, having a larger number on the left hand side than the right. You might do 22-2 to catch 10 o'clock at night until 2 o'clock in the morning, or you might have NOV-FEB. It is very important to note that overuse of overflowing ranges creates ranges that don't make sense and no effort has been made to determine which interpretation CronExpression chooses. An example would be "0 0 14-6 ? * FRI-MON".

Author:

Sharada Jambula, James House, Contributions from Mads Henderson, Refactoring from CronTrigger to CronExpression by Aaron Craven

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quartz CronExpression表达式

一个cron表达式有至少6个（也可能7个）有空格分隔的时间元素。按顺序依次为

1.秒（0~59）

2.分钟（0~59）

3.小时（0~23）

4.天（月）（0~31，但是你需要考虑你月的天数）

5.月（0~11）

6.天（星期）（1~7 1=SUN 或 SUN，MON，TUE，WED，THU，FRI，SAT）

7.年份（1970－2099）

其中每个元素可以是一个值(如6),一个连续区间(9-12),一个间隔时间(8-18/4)(/表示每隔4小时),一个列表(1,3,5),通配符。由于"月份中的日期"和"星期中的日期"这两个元素互斥的,必须要对其中一个设置?.

0 0 10,14,16 * * ? 每天上午10点，下午2点，4点

0 0/30 9-17 * * ??? 朝九晚五工作时间内每半小时

0 0 12 ? * WED 表示每个星期三中午12点

有些子表达式能包含一些范围或列表例如：子表达式（天（星期））可以为 “MON-FRI”，“MON，WED，FRI”，“MON-WED,SAT”

“*”字符代表所有可能的值因此，“*”在子表达式（月）里表示每个月的含义，“*”在子表达式（天（星期））表示星期的每一天

“/”字符用来指定数值的增量例如：在子表达式（分钟）里的“0/15”表示从第0分钟开始，每15分钟 ;在子表达式（分钟）里的“3/20”表示从第3分钟开始，每20分钟（它和“3，23，43”）的含义一样

“？”字符仅被用于天（月）和天（星期）两个子表达式，表示不指定值当2个子表达式其中之一被指定了值以后，为了避免冲突，需要将另一个子表达式的值设为“？”

“L” 字符仅被用于天（月）和天（星期）两个子表达式，它是单词“last”的缩写

但是它在两个子表达式里的含义是不同的。

在天（月）子表达式中，“L”表示一个月的最后一天 ,在天（星期）自表达式中，“L”表示一个星期的最后一天，也就是SAT

如果在“L”前有具体的内容，它就具有其他的含义了

例如：“6L”表示这个月的倒数第６天，“FRIL”表示这个月的最后一个星期五

注意：在使用“L”参数时，不要指定列表或范围，因为这会导致问题

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CronTrigger配置完整格式为： [秒] [分] [小时] [日] [月] [周] [年]

序号说明是否必填允许填写的值允许的通配符

1 秒是 0-59 , - * /

2 分是 0-59 , - * /

3 小时是 0-23 , - * /

4 日是 1-31 , - * ? / L W

5 月是 1-12 or JAN-DEC , - * /

6 周是 1-7or SUN-SAT , - * ? / L #

7 年否 empty 或 1970-2099 , - * /

通配符说明:*表示所有值. 例如:在分的字段上设置"*",表示每一分钟都会触发。? 表示不指定值。使用的场景为不需要关心当前设置这个字段的值。例如:要在每月的10号触发一个操作，但不关心是周几，所以需要周位置的那个字段设置为"?" 具体设置为 0 0 010 * ?- 表示区间。例如在小时上设置"10-12",表示 10,11,12点都会触发。, 表示指定多个值，例如在周字段上设置"MON,WED,FRI" 表示周一，周三和周五触发/用于递增触发。如在秒上面设置"5/15" 表示从5秒开始，每增15秒触发(5,20,35,50)。在月字段上设置'1/3'所示每月1号开始，每隔三天触发一次。L 表示最后的意思。在日字段设置上，表示当月的最后一天(依据当前月份，如果是二月还会依据是否是润年[leap]), 在周字段上表示星期六，相当于"7"或"SAT"。如果在"L"前加上数字，则表示该数据的最后一个。例如在周字段上设置"6L"这样的格式,则表示“本月最后一个星期五" W 表示离指定日期的最近那个工作日(周一至周五). 例如在日字段上设置"15W"，表示离每月15号最近的那个工作日触发。如果15号正好是周六，则找最近的周五(14号)触发, 如果15号是周未，则找最近的下周一(16号)触发.如果15号正好在工作日(周一至周五)，则就在该天触发。如果指定格式为 "1W",它则表示每月1号往后最近的工作日触发。如果1号正是周六，则将在3号下周一触发。(注，"W"前只能设置具体的数字,不允许区间"-").# 序号(表示每月的第几个周几)，例如在周字段上设置"6#3"表示在每月的第三个周六.注意如果指定"#5",正好第五周没有周六，则不会触发该配置(用在母亲节和父亲节再合适不过了) ；小提示：'L'和 'W'可以一组合使用。如果在日字段上设置"LW",则表示在本月的最后一个工作日触发；周字段的设置，若使用英文字母是不区分大小写的，即MON与mon相同；

常用示例:

0 0 12 * * ? 每天12点触发

0 15 10 ? * * 每天10点15分触发

0 15 10 * * ? 每天10点15分触发

0 15 10 * * ? * 每天10点15分触发

0 15 10 * * ? 2005 2005年每天10点15分触发

0 * 14 * * ? 每天下午的 2点到2点59分每分触发

0 0/5 14 * * ? 每天下午的 2点到2点59分(整点开始，每隔5分触发)

0 0/5 14,18 * * ? 每天下午的 2点到2点59分、18点到18点59分(整点开始，每隔5分触发)

0 0-5 14 * * ? 每天下午的 2点到2点05分每分触发

0 10,44 14 ? 3 WED 3月分每周三下午的 2点10分和2点44分触发

0 15 10 ? * MON-FRI 从周一到周五每天上午的10点15分触发