LaTeX表格完全指南：从入门到精通

一、基础表格入门

1.1 最简单的表格

\begin{tabular}{ccc}
Name & Age & Score \\
Alice & 20 & 85 \\
Bob & 21 & 92 \\
\end{tabular}

效果：

Name   Age   Score
Alice  20    85
Bob    21    92

语法说明：

• {ccc} 定义3列，都居中对齐
• & 分隔列
• \\ 结束一行

1.2 三种表格环境

环境	用途	是否浮动
tabular	纯表格内容	否
table	带标题和标签的表格	是
tabularx	自动调整列宽	否

示例对比：

% 1. tabular - 直接插入文本中
The data: \begin{tabular}{cc} A & B \\ 1 & 2 \\ \end{tabular} shows...

% 2. table - 独立浮动表格
\begin{table}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
    Method & Accuracy \\
    Baseline & 85.3 \\
    Proposed & 92.7 \\
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Performance Comparison}
    \label{tab:comparison}
\end{table}

% 3. tabularx - 自适应宽度
\usepackage{tabularx}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{lXX}
ID & Description & Note \\
001 & Long text will automatically wrap within column & Another long text \\
\end{tabularx}

二、列对齐详解

2.1 基本对齐方式

% l = left, c = center, r = right
\begin{tabular}{lcr}
Left & Center & Right \\
Apple & Banana & Cherry \\
Dog & Elephant & Fox \\
100 & 200 & 300 \\
\end{tabular}

对齐效果说明：

• l：文本左对齐，适合文字内容
• c：居中对齐，适合标题和短文本
• r：右对齐，适合数字

2.2 固定列宽

% p{width} - fixed width with auto line break
\begin{tabular}{|p{3cm}|p{5cm}|}
\hline
Title & Content \\
\hline
Short & This is a very long sentence that will automatically wrap within the specified column width without exceeding boundaries \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

使用场景：

• 处理长文本内容
• 需要精确控制表格宽度
• 避免表格超出页面边界

2.3 混合对齐

\begin{tabular}{|l|c|r|p{4cm}|}
\hline
Left & Center & Right & Fixed Width \\
\hline
Text & 123 & 99.9 & Long text with automatic wrapping \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

三、表格线条控制

3.1 横线命令

\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline              % Full horizontal line
A & B & C \\
\hline\hline        % Double horizontal line
D & E & F \\
\cline{1-2}         % Partial line (columns 1-2)
G & H & I \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

命令说明：

• \hline：完整横线，跨越所有列
• \hline\hline：双横线
• \cline{m-n}：部分横线，从第m列到第n列

3.2 竖线设置

% Add | in column definition
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}    % Vertical line between each column
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}      % Vertical lines in middle
\begin{tabular}{||c||c||c||} % Double vertical lines

3.3 专业三线表（强烈推荐）

\usepackage{booktabs}

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule         % Top thick line
Method & Accuracy (\%) & Speed (ms) \\
\midrule         % Middle thin line
Baseline & 85.3 & 120 \\
Method A & 89.7 & 105 \\
Method B & 92.4 & 98 \\
\bottomrule      % Bottom thick line
\end{tabular}
\caption{Experimental Results}
\end{table}

传统表格 vs 三线表对比：

% ❌ Traditional table (Not recommended)
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
Method & Acc & Time \\
\hline
A & 85 & 100 \\
\hline
B & 90 & 110 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

% ✅ Three-line table (Recommended)
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
Method & Acc & Time \\
\midrule
A & 85 & 100 \\
B & 90 & 110 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}

为什么推荐三线表：

• 更专业、更清晰
• 符合学术期刊规范
• 视觉效果更好
• 国际通用标准