2019-2-8 Win10家庭版下使用docker

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本文详细介绍了在Windows 10家庭版环境中安装和使用Docker的过程，包括解决Hyper-V冲突、安装Docker Toolbox、配置Docker Quickstart Terminal、启动和管理容器、修改容器内的Nginx配置等关键步骤。

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2019-2-8 Win10家庭版下使用docker

1.参考资料
docker学习可以参见

2.安装过程
如果要安装Docker Desktop for Windows，需要以下条件：

  • Windows 10 64bit: Pro, Enterprise or Education (1607 Anniversary Update, Build 14393 or later).
  • Virtualization is enabled in BIOS. Typically, virtualization is enabled by default. This is different from having Hyper-V enabled.
  • CPU SLAT-capable feature.
  • At least 4GB of RAM.

显然家庭版不支持，那就需要安装Docker Toolbox for Windows。
Docker Toolbox包括以下Docker工具：

  • Docker CLI客户端，用于运行Docker Engine以创建映像和容器
  • Docker Machine，可以从Windows终端运行Docker Engine命令
  • Docker Compose用于运行docker-compose命令
  • Kitematic，Docker GUI
  • 为Docker命令行环境预配置的Docker QuickStart shell
  • Oracle VM VirtualBox

下载安装程序后运行如下
在这里插入图片描述
我选择安装所有内容。安装完后桌面上会增加3个图标如下
在这里插入图片描述
运行Docker Quickstart Terminal，报错
在这里插入图片描述意思是Virtualbox和hyper-V冲突。我选择关闭hyper-V来解决。
在这里插入图片描述
重启动以后，报错依旧。估计是因为我是用特别的方法在Win10家庭版中安装的Hyper-V。
查了网上，尝试用以下命令来关闭hyper-v

使用管理员权限运行命令：bcdedit /set hypervisorlaunchtype off。

重启动后，成功了。注意：如果要重新打开hyper-v，用以下命令

bcdedit /set hypervisorlaunchtype auto

正常运行Docker Quickstart Terminal的界面如下
在这里插入图片描述在这里插入图片描述在这里插入图片描述这其实就是启动了一个linux内核的虚拟机，用于运行docker相关程序，具体在后面分析。

3.docker使用

  • 查看docker版本
$ docker version
Client:
 Version:       18.03.0-ce
 API version:   1.37
 Go version:    go1.9.4
 Git commit:    0520e24302
 Built: Fri Mar 23 08:31:36 2018
 OS/Arch:       windows/amd64
 Experimental:  false
 Orchestrator:  swarm

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:      18.09.1
  API version:  1.39 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:   go1.10.6
  Git commit:   4c52b90
  Built:        Wed Jan  9 19:41:57 2019
  OS/Arch:      linux/amd64
  Experimental: false
  • 查看容器
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
  • 查看安装的镜像
$ docker image ls
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  • 拉取镜像

我拉取的是nginx，版本就用最新版本

$ docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
Error response from daemon: pull access denied for nginx, repository does not exist or may require 'docker login'

报错了，意思是需要先登陆docker

  • 登陆docker
$ docker login
Login with your Docker ID to push and pull images from Docker Hub. If you don't have a Docker ID, head over to https://hub.docker.com to create one.
Username: aaa
Password:
Login Succeeded

然后再尝试拉取nginx，成功了。

$ docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
6ae821421a7d: Pull complete
da4474e5966c: Pull complete
eb2aec2b9c9f: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:dd2d0ac3fff2f007d99e033b64854be0941e19a2ad51f174d9240dda20d9f534
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest

由于镜像是由多层存储所构成，所以可以看到这里下载过程也是一层层的去下载，并非单一文件。
下载过程中给出了每一层的 ID 的前 12 位。并且下载结束后，给出该镜像完整的 sha256 的摘要，以确保下载一致性。

  • 启动镜像
$ docker run --name webserver -p 8080:80 -d nginx
d78df848b5d4911795ec7926528e5435216ebfba63d57ced2f89afff04b553a9

命名空间webserver，映射宿主机端口8080
此时查看镜像和容器信息如下

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /c/Program Files/Docker Toolbox
$ docker image ls
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx               latest              f09fe80eb0e7        43 hours ago        109MB

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /c/Program Files/Docker Toolbox
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
d78df848b5d4        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   2 minutes ago       Up 2 minutes        0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   webserver

打开浏览器输入192.168.99.100:8080，可以出现nginx的默认网页。8080端口就是刚才映射的宿主机端口。至于地址为什么是192.168.99.100，后面分析。
在这里插入图片描述

  • 停止容器运行
$ docker kill d78
d78

d78是容器ID的前3位。
注意：此时如果要再次启动nginx镜像是会失败的

$ docker run --name webserver -p 8080:80 -d nginx
C:\Program Files\Docker Toolbox\docker.exe: Error response from daemon: Conflict. The container name "/webserver" is already in use by container "d78df848b5d4911795ec7926528e5435216ebfba63d57ced2f89afff04b553a9". You have to remove (or rename) that container to be able to reuse that name.
See 'C:\Program Files\Docker Toolbox\docker.exe run --help'.

查看一下容器，webserver还是存在的，必须移除

$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                            PORTS               NAMES
d78df848b5d4        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   4 hours ago         Exited (137) 11 minutes ago                           webserver
  • 移除容器
$ docker rm d78
d78

移除后再启动镜像就能成功了。

$ docker run --name webserver -p 8080:80 -d nginx
5781f44ac04a77aafd90f79da32b6c132a7c395b5f8825661e0ef7ae7d4fbc34

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /c/Program Files/Docker Toolbox
$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                         PORTS                  NAMES
5781f44ac04a        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   4 seconds ago       Up 4 seconds                   0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   webserver

4.docker使用过程中IP地址分析
Docker Toolbox for Windows安装过程中，给PC上安装上了Oracle VM VirtualBox。而VirtualBox给PC添加了虚拟网卡，设置的ip地址是192.168.99.1。
在这里插入图片描述在这里插入图片描述同时，Docker Quickstart Terminal启动后，给docker machine（docker管理工具）配置的地址是192.168.99.100。这个可以在docker启动完成后界面上看到

docker is configured to use the default machine with IP 192.168.99.100

也可以用下面命令查看

$ docker-machine ls
NAME      ACTIVE   DRIVER       STATE     URL                         SWARM   DOCKER     ERRORS
default   *        virtualbox   Running   tcp://192.168.99.100:2376           v18.09.1

我们可以尝试从PC上ping一下docker宿主机。

C:\>ping 192.168.99.100

正在 Ping 192.168.99.100 具有 32 字节的数据:
来自 192.168.99.100 的回复: 字节=32 时间<1ms TTL=64
来自 192.168.99.100 的回复: 字节=32 时间<1ms TTL=64
来自 192.168.99.100 的回复: 字节=32 时间<1ms TTL=64
来自 192.168.99.100 的回复: 字节=32 时间<1ms TTL=64

192.168.99.100 的 Ping 统计信息:
    数据包: 已发送 = 4，已接收 = 4，丢失 = 0 (0% 丢失)，
往返行程的估计时间(以毫秒为单位):
    最短 = 0ms，最长 = 0ms，平均 = 0ms

这也就是为什么docker中启动nginx后，浏览器中输入的地址是192.168.99.100可以显示nginx页面的原因了。

5.docker终端分析
查看了网上关于docker toolbox介绍：
早期在Windows环境下使用Docker主要利用的是Boot2Docker这个命令行工具，而现在Toolbox可以安装你在开发中运行Docker时所需要的一切：Docker客户端、Compose（仅Mac需要）、Kitematic、Machine以及VirtualBox。
Toolbox使用Machine和VirtualBox在虚拟机中创建了一个引擎来运行容器。在该虚拟机上，你可以使用Docker客户端、Compose以及Kitematic来运行容器。而Toolbox本身已经可以取代了Boot2Docker的作用。
在linux系统中安装docker环境，docker客户端、Docker守护进程以及所有的容器都是直接运行在linux本地环境中的。
但是在windows环境下，Docker的相关的程序是运行在一个内置的小型的Linux虚拟机中的。也就是Docker Quickstart Terminal程序启动的终端。它的启动配置信息在安装目录的start.sh文件中，那条小鲸鱼也在其中。
在这个终端里可以使用dos命令，也可以使用linux命令。例如：

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /etc
$ cd /

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /
$ pwd
/

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /
$ ls
bin/  dev/  git-bash.exe*  LICENSE.txt  proc/              tmp/          unins000.exe*  usr/
cmd/  etc/  git-cmd.exe*   mingw64/     ReleaseNotes.html  unins000.dat  unins000.msg

toddc@DESKTOP-U0EUJB2 MINGW64 /
$ dir
bin  dev  git-bash.exe  LICENSE.txt  proc               tmp           unins000.exe  usr
cmd  etc  git-cmd.exe   mingw64      ReleaseNotes.html  unins000.dat  unins000.msg

6.修改nginx配置
了解了docker终端特性后，我们可以尝试对nginx镜像做一些修改。
首先用以下命令进入nginx容器

$ docker exec -it webserver /bin/bash
root@5781f44ac04a:/#

以上命令表示以交互式命令行方式进入容器。
-i,interactive交互式
-t,tty终端
webserver，启动nginx时候的命名空间名称
/bin/bash， 表示命令行模式
然后找到nginx的配置文件

root@5781f44ac04a:/# whereis nginx
nginx: /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/lib/nginx /etc/nginx /usr/share/nginx
root@5781f44ac04a:/# cd /etc/nginx
root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx# ls
conf.d fastcgi_params koi-utf  koi-win  mime.types  modules  nginx.conf  scgi_params   uwsgi_params  win-utf
root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx# cd conf.d/
root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# ls
default.conf
root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# cat default.conf
server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  localhost;

    #charset koi8-r;
    #access_log  /var/log/nginx/host.access.log  main;

    location / {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }

    #error_page  404              /404.html;

    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
    #
    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }

    # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
    #}

    # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    root           html;
    #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
    #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
    #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
    #    include        fastcgi_params;
    #}

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /\.ht {
    #    deny  all;
    #}
}

root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d#

根据配置文件，现在就可以修改/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html的内容

root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# echo '<h1>Hello World!!!</h1>' > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html

刷新一下页面，可以发现内容变为刚才修改的hello world
在这里插入图片描述
继续修改。新建一个目录/var/www/html，然后创建一个index.html

root@5781f44ac04a:/# mkdir -p /var/www/html
root@5781f44ac04a:/# echo '<h1>====New Homepage====</h1>' > /var/www/html/index.html

编辑nginx的配置文件，报错。

root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# vim default.conf
bash: vim: command not found

docker中默认没有vim命令，需要自己安装。
先运行apt-get update,同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引，这样才能获取到最新的软件包。

root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# apt-get update
Ign:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch InRelease
Get:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch-updates InRelease [91.0 kB]
Get:4 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch Release [118 kB]
Get:1 http://security-cdn.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates InRelease [94.3 kB]
Get:5 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch-updates/main amd64 Packages [7748 B]
Get:6 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch Release.gpg [2434 B]
Get:7 http://security-cdn.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates/main amd64 Packages [475 kB]
Get:8 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 Packages [7090 kB]
Fetched 7878 kB in 9s (825 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done

然后安装vim

root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libgpm2 vim-common vim-runtime xxd
Suggested packages:
  gpm ctags vim-doc vim-scripts
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libgpm2 vim vim-common vim-runtime xxd
0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 6766 kB of archives.
After this operation, 31.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 xxd amd64 2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1 [132 kB]
Get:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 vim-common all 2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1 [159 kB]
Get:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 libgpm2 amd64 1.20.4-6.2+b1 [34.2 kB]
Get:4 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 vim-runtime all 2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1 [5407 kB]
Get:5 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 vim amd64 2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1 [1034 kB]
Fetched 6766 kB in 19min 10s (5879 B/s)
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package xxd.
(Reading database ... 7029 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../xxd_2%3a8.0.0197-4+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xxd (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-common.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-common_2%3a8.0.0197-4+deb9u1_all.deb ...
Unpacking vim-common (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgpm2:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libgpm2_1.20.4-6.2+b1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.4-6.2+b1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-runtime.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-runtime_2%3a8.0.0197-4+deb9u1_all.deb ...
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/help.txt to /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/help.txt.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/tags to /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/tags.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Unpacking vim-runtime (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim.
Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a8.0.0197-4+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Setting up xxd (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Setting up libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.4-6.2+b1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.24-11+deb9u3) ...
Setting up vim-common (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Setting up vim-runtime (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
Setting up vim (2:8.0.0197-4+deb9u1) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/fr/man1/vi.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/fr/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group vi) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/it/man1/vi.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/it/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group vi) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/pl/man1/vi.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/pl/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group vi) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ru/man1/vi.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ru/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group vi) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ja/man1/vi.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ja/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group vi) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/man1/vi.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group vi) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/fr/man1/view.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/fr/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group view) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/it/man1/view.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/it/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group view) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/pl/man1/view.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/pl/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group view) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ru/man1/view.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ru/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group view) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ja/man1/view.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ja/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group view) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/man1/view.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group view) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/fr/man1/ex.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/fr/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group ex) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/it/man1/ex.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/it/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group ex) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/pl/man1/ex.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/pl/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group ex) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ru/man1/ex.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ru/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group ex) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ja/man1/ex.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ja/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group ex) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/man1/ex.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group ex) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/editor (editor) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/fr/man1/editor.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/fr/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group editor) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/it/man1/editor.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/it/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group editor) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/pl/man1/editor.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/pl/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group editor) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ru/man1/editor.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ru/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group editor) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/ja/man1/editor.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/ja/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group editor) doesn't exist
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/share/man/man1/editor.1.gz because associated file /usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz (of link group editor) doesn't exist

成功后编辑配置文件

root@5781f44ac04a:/etc/nginx/conf.d# vim default.conf

修改内容如下

location / {
        root   /var/www/html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }

重新启动nginx服务

root@5781f44ac04a:/usr/sbin# ./nginx -s reload
2019/02/08 09:37:16 [notice] 546#546: signal process started
root@5781f44ac04a:/usr/sbin#

刷新一下页面，可以发现内容变为刚才修改的new homepage
在这里插入图片描述

docker环境安装软件、更换镜像源以及E: Unable to locate package xxx解决
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