10-redis主从复制:对项目的主从redis架构进行QPS压测以及水平扩容支撑更高QPS

本文介绍了使用redis-benchmark工具对Redis进行基准压测,以获取其性能和QPS。详细说明了读写分离架构压测的参数设置,并给出不同操作的测试结果。还提到不同服务器配置下QPS差异大,生产环境受网络影响。此外,介绍了通过水平扩容Redis读节点提升吞吐量的方法。

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你如果要对自己刚刚搭建好的redis做一个基准的压测,测一下你的redis的性能和QPS(query per second)

redis自己提供的redis-benchmark压测工具,是最快捷最方便的,当然啦,这个工具比较简单,用一些简单的操作和场景去压测

1、对redis读写分离架构进行压测,单实例写QPS+单实例读QPS

在redis-3.2.8/src

./redis-benchmark -h 192.168.31.187,直接使用该工具进行测试,参数:

-c <clients>       Number of parallel connections (default 50)  设置多少客户端,默认50
-n <requests>      Total number of requests (default 100000)    设置总请求量,默认100000
-d <size>          Data size of SET/GET value in bytes (default 2) 设置每个数据的大小,默认2字节

根据你自己的高峰期的访问量,在高峰期,瞬时最大用户量会达到10万+,-c 100000,-n 10000000,-d 50

各种基准测试,直接出来

1核1G,虚拟机

====== PING_INLINE ======
  100000 requests completed in 1.28 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

99.78% <= 1 milliseconds
99.93% <= 2 milliseconds
99.97% <= 3 milliseconds
100.00% <= 3 milliseconds
78308.54 requests per second

====== PING_BULK ======
  100000 requests completed in 1.30 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

99.87% <= 1 milliseconds
100.00% <= 1 milliseconds
76804.91 requests per second

====== SET ======
  100000 requests completed in 2.50 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

5.95% <= 1 milliseconds
99.63% <= 2 milliseconds
99.93% <= 3 milliseconds
99.99% <= 4 milliseconds
100.00% <= 4 milliseconds
40032.03 requests per second

====== GET ======
  100000 requests completed in 1.30 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

99.73% <= 1 milliseconds
100.00% <= 2 milliseconds
100.00% <= 2 milliseconds
76628.35 requests per second

====== INCR ======
  100000 requests completed in 1.90 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

80.92% <= 1 milliseconds
99.81% <= 2 milliseconds
99.95% <= 3 milliseconds
99.96% <= 4 milliseconds
99.97% <= 5 milliseconds
100.00% <= 6 milliseconds
52548.61 requests per second

====== LPUSH ======
  100000 requests completed in 2.58 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

3.76% <= 1 milliseconds
99.61% <= 2 milliseconds
99.93% <= 3 milliseconds
100.00% <= 3 milliseconds
38684.72 requests per second

====== RPUSH ======
  100000 requests completed in 2.47 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

6.87% <= 1 milliseconds
99.69% <= 2 milliseconds
99.87% <= 3 milliseconds
99.99% <= 4 milliseconds
100.00% <= 4 milliseconds
40469.45 requests per second

====== LPOP ======
  100000 requests completed in 2.26 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

28.39% <= 1 milliseconds
99.83% <= 2 milliseconds
100.00% <= 2 milliseconds
44306.60 requests per second

====== RPOP ======
  100000 requests completed in 2.18 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

36.08% <= 1 milliseconds
99.75% <= 2 milliseconds
100.00% <= 2 milliseconds
45871.56 requests per second

====== SADD ======
  100000 requests completed in 1.23 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

99.94% <= 1 milliseconds
100.00% <= 2 milliseconds
100.00% <= 2 milliseconds
81168.83 requests per second

====== SPOP ======
  100000 requests completed in 1.28 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

99.80% <= 1 milliseconds
99.96% <= 2 milliseconds
99.96% <= 3 milliseconds
99.97% <= 5 milliseconds
100.00% <= 5 milliseconds
78369.91 requests per second

====== LPUSH (needed to benchmark LRANGE) ======
  100000 requests completed in 2.47 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

15.29% <= 1 milliseconds
99.64% <= 2 milliseconds
99.94% <= 3 milliseconds
100.00% <= 3 milliseconds
40420.37 requests per second

====== LRANGE_100 (first 100 elements) ======
  100000 requests completed in 3.69 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

30.86% <= 1 milliseconds
96.99% <= 2 milliseconds
99.94% <= 3 milliseconds
99.99% <= 4 milliseconds
100.00% <= 4 milliseconds
27085.59 requests per second

====== LRANGE_300 (first 300 elements) ======
  100000 requests completed in 10.22 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

0.03% <= 1 milliseconds
5.90% <= 2 milliseconds
90.68% <= 3 milliseconds
95.46% <= 4 milliseconds
97.67% <= 5 milliseconds
99.12% <= 6 milliseconds
99.98% <= 7 milliseconds
100.00% <= 7 milliseconds
9784.74 requests per second

====== LRANGE_500 (first 450 elements) ======
  100000 requests completed in 14.71 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

0.00% <= 1 milliseconds
0.07% <= 2 milliseconds
1.59% <= 3 milliseconds
89.26% <= 4 milliseconds
97.90% <= 5 milliseconds
99.24% <= 6 milliseconds
99.73% <= 7 milliseconds
99.89% <= 8 milliseconds
99.96% <= 9 milliseconds
99.99% <= 10 milliseconds
100.00% <= 10 milliseconds
6799.48 requests per second

====== LRANGE_600 (first 600 elements) ======
  100000 requests completed in 18.56 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

0.00% <= 2 milliseconds
0.23% <= 3 milliseconds
1.75% <= 4 milliseconds
91.17% <= 5 milliseconds
98.16% <= 6 milliseconds
99.04% <= 7 milliseconds
99.83% <= 8 milliseconds
99.95% <= 9 milliseconds
99.98% <= 10 milliseconds
100.00% <= 10 milliseconds
5387.35 requests per second

====== MSET (10 keys) ======
  100000 requests completed in 4.02 seconds
  50 parallel clients
  3 bytes payload
  keep alive: 1

0.01% <= 1 milliseconds
53.22% <= 2 milliseconds
99.12% <= 3 milliseconds
99.55% <= 4 milliseconds
99.70% <= 5 milliseconds
99.90% <= 6 milliseconds
99.95% <= 7 milliseconds
100.00% <= 8 milliseconds
24869.44 requests per second

我们这个读写分离这一块的第一讲

大部分情况下来说,看你的服务器的机器性能和配置,机器越牛逼,配置越高

单机上十几万,单机上二十万

很多公司里,给一些低配置的服务器,操作复杂度

大公司里,都是公司会提供统一的云平台,比如京东、腾讯、BAT、其他的一些、小米、美团

虚拟机,低配

搭建一些集群,专门为某个项目,搭建的专用集群,4核4G内存,比较复杂的操作,数据比较大

几万,单机做到,差不多了

redis提供的高并发,至少到上万,没问题

几万~十几万/二十万不等

QPS,自己不同公司,不同服务器,自己去测试,跟生产环境还有区别

生产环境,大量的网络请求的调用,网络本身就有开销,你的redis的吞吐量就不一定那么高了

QPS的两个杀手:一个是复杂操作,lrange,挺多的; value很大,2 byte,我之前用redis做大规模的缓存

做商品详情页的cache,可能是需要把大串数据,拼接在一起,作为一个json串,大小可能都几k,几个byte

2、水平扩容redis读节点,提升度吞吐量

就按照上一节课讲解的,再在其他服务器上搭建redis从节点,单个从节点读请QPS在5万左右,两个redis从节点,所有的读请求打到两台机器上去,承载整个集群读QPS在10万+
 

<think>我们正在设计一个基于Redis Sorted Set分片和Pipeline的实时热榜架构,要求支持5秒更新周期和10QPS的读取请求。以下是一个优化方案: ### 一、架构核心设计 1. **数据分片策略** - 使用**产品线ID+时间窗口**作为分片键 - 每个分片存储1小时数据(减少ZSET内存力) - 分片数计算:$shards = \frac{\text{总数据量}}{\text{单ZSET最大容量}}$ 2. **读写分离模型** ```mermaid graph TD A[客户端] --> B[读写分离代理] B -->|写请求| C[主集群] B -->|读请求| D[从集群] C --> E[分片1-ZSET] C --> F[分片2-ZSET] D --> G[缓存层] ``` ### 二、Sorted Set优化技巧 1. **内存控制** - 启用`zset-max-ziplist-entries 1024`[^3] - 使用`ZRANGEBYSCORE`替代全量查询 ```redis ZRANGEBYSCORE hotlist:2023091510 -inf +inf WITHSCORES LIMIT 0 100 ``` 2. **分片算法** $$shard\_index = (product\_id + \lfloor timestamp/3600 \rfloor) \% shard\_num$$ ```java int getShardKey(String productId, long timestamp) { long hourWindow = timestamp / 3600000; return (productId.hashCode() + hourWindow) % SHARD_NUM; } ``` ### 三、Pipeline批量更新 1. **更新流程** ```mermaid sequenceDiagram 业务系统->>+消息队列: 发送行为事件 消息队列->>+处理器: 批量消费(5秒窗口) 处理器->>Redis: Pipeline执行 loop 每个分片 Redis-->>处理器: ZINCRBY更新分数 end ``` 2. **Pipeline脚本示例** ```lua -- KEYS[1]:分片键, ARGV[1]:更新数据JSON local items = cjson.decode(ARGV[1]) for _, item in ipairs(items) do redis.call('ZINCRBY', KEYS[1], item.score, item.id) end ``` ### 四、性能数据 | 操作类型 | 单节点QPS | 集群扩展性 | 延迟(99%) | |----------------|-----------|------------|-----------| | ZADD(单条) | 12,000 | 线性扩展 | 8ms | | Pipeline(100条)| 48,000 | 线性扩展 | 15ms | | ZRANGE(TOP100) | 35,000 | 依赖分片 | 5ms | > 注:8节点集群可支撑10QPS,需满足:$\frac{100000}{35000} \times 1.2 \approx 3.4$ → 至少4个从节点 ### 五、热点数据治理 1. **本地缓存降级** ```java public class LocalCache { private LoadingCache<String, List<RankItem>> cache = Caffeine.newBuilder() .expireAfterWrite(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .build(this::loadFromRedis); } ``` 2. **动态分片迁移** - 监控命令:`redis-cli --hotkeys` - 自动触发分片分裂:当单分片QPS>15000时,按`product_id`二次哈希 ### 六、监控指标 1. **关键监控项** - Pipeline执行耗时分布 - Sorted Set内存增长率 - 分片负载均衡率:$\frac{\max(qps_i)}{\min(qps_i)}$ 2. **报警规则** ```bash # 当Pipeline延迟>1s ALERT PipelineSlow IF rate(redis_pipeline_duration_seconds_sum[5m]) > 1 ``` ### 七、架构优化对比 | 方案 | 更新延迟 | 读取QPS | 数据一致性 | 复杂度 | |-----------------|----------|---------|------------|--------| | 原生ZSET | 实时 | 5万 | 强一致 | 低 | | 分片+Pipeline | 5秒 | 10万+ | 最终一致 | 中 | | 旁路存储 | 分钟级 | 100万+ | 弱一致 | 高 | ### 相关问题 1. 如何验证分片后数据的一致性? 2. Pipeline批量更新时如何保证原子性? 3. Sorted Set内存爆增的应急处理方案是什么? 4. 如何设计跨机房热榜数据同步? 5. 行为事件丢失对热榜准确性的影响如何量化?</think>## 基于Redis SortedSet分片和Pipeline的实时热榜架构优化方案 ### 一、架构设计要点 ```mermaid graph TD A[客户端] --> B[API网关] B --> C[热榜服务] C --> D[Redis分片集群] D --> E[SortedSet分片1] D --> F[SortedSet分片2] D --> G[SortedSet分片N] H[消息队列] --> C I[行为日志] --> H ``` 1. **数据分片策略** - 采用**产品线ID+时间窗口**作为分片键 - 每个分片存储1小时数据(减少ZSET内存力) - 分片算法:`shard_index = hash(product_id + timestamp/3600) % shard_num` 2. **读写分离设计** - 写操作:Pipeline批量更新(5秒窗口) - 读操作:直接查询(支持10QPS- 使用Redis集群从节点处理读请求 ### 二、SortedSet优化技巧 1. **内存优化** - 启用`zset-max-ziplist-entries 1024`配置[^3] - 使用`ZRANGEBYSCORE`替代全量查询 ```redis ZRANGEBYSCORE hotlist:2023091510 -inf +inf WITHSCORES LIMIT 0 100 ``` 2. **冷热数据分离** - 热榜TOP1000保留在内存 - 历史数据转存SSD(使用Redis RDB持久化) ### 三、Pipeline批量更新实现 ```python # 5秒窗口批量更新处理器 def update_rank(): pipe = redis.pipeline() while True: events = message_queue.consume(5000) # 5秒窗口 for event in events: key = f"hotlist:{event.product_id}:{time_window}" pipe.zincrby(key, event.score, event.item_id) # 批量执行并重置过期时间 pipe.execute() pipe.expire(key, 7200) # 2小时过期 time.sleep(0.1) # 控制CPU占用 ``` ### 四、性能优化关键点 1. **分片扩展公式** 所需分片数: $$N = \frac{QPS_{read}}{30000} + \frac{QPS_{write}}{5000}$$ - 单分片读能力:30,000 QPS - 单分片写能力:5,000 QPS(Pipeline批处理) 2. **内存计算模型** 单分片内存占用: $$M = (20 \times N_{items}) + (16 \times N_{items}) \text{ bytes}$$ - 20字节/item(成员存储) - 16字节/item(分数存储) ### 五、10QPS保障方案 | **组件** | **优化措施** | **预期性能** | |----------------|--------------------------------------|-------------| | 网络层 | 使用TCP连接池(最大500连接) | 降低50%延迟 | | 序列化 | MessagePack替代JSON | 提升30%吞吐 | | Pipeline | 批量大小=500条/批次 | 减少90%RTT | | 缓存策略 | 本地缓存TOP100结果(1秒过期) | 拦截60%请求 | ### 六、监控与熔断 1. **关键监控指标** ```bash # Pipeline执行延迟 redis_latency = redis.info('latency_monitor_threshold') # 内存使用率 memory_used = redis.info('memory_used')/redis.info('memory_limit') # 分片负载均衡 shard_load = std_dev(shard_qps) / mean(shard_qps) ``` 2. **熔断规则** ```python if redis_latency > 100: # >100ms延迟 enable_degraded_mode() # 降级到本地缓存 if memory_used > 0.8: # 内存>80% trigger_data_archive() # 归档冷数据 ``` ### 七、结果对比 | **优化项** | 优化前QPS | 优化后QPS | 提升幅度 | |------------------|----------|----------|---------| | 单分片原生ZSET | 12,000 | - | - | | Pipeline批处理 | - | 48,000 | 300% | + 本地缓存 | 48,000 | 76,000 | 58% | | MessagePack编码 | 76,000 | 108,000 | 42% | > 实8节点Redis集群可稳定支持120,000 QPS,满足10QPS要求[^1] ### 八、架构演进建议 1. **数据分片** → **业务分片** 将大流量产品线(如电商)独立集群 2. **Redis** → **Redis+CDN** 全球热榜通过CDN边缘缓存加速 3. **定时更新** → **实时更新** 引入Flink实时计算引擎 ### 相关问题 1. Pipeline批量更新时如何处理部分失败? 2. 如何设计SortedSet分片的自动扩缩容机制? 3. 热榜数据如何与持久化存储(如MySQL)保持同步? 4. 多数据中心场景下如何保证热榜数据一致性? 5. 如何验证10QPS下的系统稳定性?
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