本文详细介绍了Python中的基本数据类型，包括整数、长整数、浮点数、字符串、列表、元组、字典和集合等。每种类型都提供了源码级别的解析，并通过实例演示了常见操作。
在python中，一切都是对象！对象由类创建而来，对象所拥有的功能都来自于类。在本节中，我们了解一下python基本数据类型对象具有哪些功能，我们平常是怎么使用的。
对于python，一切事物都是对象，对象基于类创建
一、整数：int 类源码分析
整数如：1,2,3... 2147483647
classint(object):"""int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4"""
def bit_length(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6"""
return0def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int."""
pass
def __abs__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)"""
pass
def __add__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__add__(y) <==> x+y"""
pass
def __and__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__and__(y) <==> x&y"""
pass
def __cmp__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)"""
pass
def __coerce__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)"""
pass
def __divmod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)"""
pass
def __div__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__div__(y) <==> x/y"""
pass
def __float__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__float__() <==> float(x)"""
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y"""
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
pass
def __hash__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)"""
pass
def __hex__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__hex__() <==> hex(x)"""
pass
def __index__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()]"""
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): #known special case of int.__init__
"""int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
# (copied from class doc)"""
pass
def __int__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__int__() <==> int(x)"""
pass
def __invert__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__invert__() <==> ~x"""
pass
def __long__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__long__() <==> long(x)"""
pass
def __lshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<
pass
def __mod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y"""
pass
def __mul__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y"""
pass
def __neg__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__neg__() <==> -x"""
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __nonzero__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0"""
pass
def __oct__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__oct__() <==> oct(x)"""
pass
def __or__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__or__(y) <==> x|y"""
pass
def __pos__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__pos__() <==> +x"""
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""
pass
def __radd__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x"""
pass
def __rand__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x"""
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)"""
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x"""
pass
def __repr__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x"""
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<
pass
def __rmod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x"""
pass
def __rmul__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x"""
pass
def __ror__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x"""
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x"""
pass
def __rshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y"""
pass
def __rsub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x"""
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x"""
pass
def __rxor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x"""
pass
def __str__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__str__() <==> str(x)"""
pass
def __sub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y"""
pass
def __truediv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y"""
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Truncating an Integral returns itself."""
pass
def __xor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y"""
passdenominator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""imag= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""numerator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""real= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the real part of a complex number"""
class int(object)
常用方法已被python作为内置函数或语法堂，我们可以直接使用，但是他们的关系其实是调用的关系！
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
平常我们使用x+y 时，实际python内部是先创建x对象，然后调用x对象的__add__方法
二、长整型：long 类源码分析
长整数如：2147483648
classlong(object):"""long(x=0) -> long
long(x, base=10) -> long
Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4L"""
def bit_length(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""long.bit_length() -> int or long
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37L)
'0b100101'
>>> (37L).bit_length()"""
return0def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long."""
pass
def __abs__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)"""
pass
def __add__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__add__(y) <==> x+y"""
pass
def __and__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__and__(y) <==> x&y"""
pass
def __cmp__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)"""
pass
def __coerce__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)"""
pass
def __divmod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)"""
pass
def __div__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__div__(y) <==> x/y"""
pass
def __float__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__float__() <==> float(x)"""
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y"""
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
pass
def __hash__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)"""
pass
def __hex__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__hex__() <==> hex(x)"""
pass
def __index__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()]"""
pass
def __init__(self, x=0): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
pass
def __int__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__int__() <==> int(x)"""
pass
def __invert__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__invert__() <==> ~x"""
pass
def __long__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__long__() <==> long(x)"""
pass
def __lshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<
pass
def __mod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y"""
pass
def __mul__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y"""
pass
def __neg__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__neg__() <==> -x"""
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __nonzero__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0"""
pass
def __oct__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__oct__() <==> oct(x)"""
pass
def __or__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__or__(y) <==> x|y"""
pass
def __pos__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__pos__() <==> +x"""
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""
pass
def __radd__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x"""
pass
def __rand__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x"""
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)"""
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x"""
pass
def __repr__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x"""
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<
pass
def __rmod__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x"""
pass
def __rmul__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x"""
pass
def __ror__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x"""
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x"""
pass
def __rshift__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y"""
pass
def __rsub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x"""
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x"""
pass
def __rxor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x"""
pass
def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Returns size in memory, in bytes"""
pass
def __str__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__str__() <==> str(x)"""
pass
def __sub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y"""
pass
def __truediv__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y"""
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Truncating an Integral returns itself."""
pass
def __xor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y"""
passdenominator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""imag= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""numerator= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""real= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the real part of a complex number"""long
long
long 与 int 基本是相同的，只是长度不一样而已，在python 3中，没有了long类型，只保留了int类型。
三、浮点型：float 类源码分析
浮点型如：1.0
classfloat(object):"""float(x) -> floating point number
Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible."""
defas_integer_ratio(self):"""获取改值的最简比"""
"""float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)
Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
float and with a positive denominator.
Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
>>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)
>>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
(-1, 4)"""
pass
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Return self, the complex conjugate of any float."""
pass
deffromhex(self, string):"""将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型"""
"""float.fromhex(string) -> float
Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
>>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
2047.984375
>>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
-4.9406564584124654e-324"""
return 0.0
defhex(self):"""返回当前值的 16 进制表示"""
"""float.hex() -> string
Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
>>> (-0.1).hex()
'-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
>>> 3.14159.hex()
'0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'"""
return ""
def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Return True if the float is an integer."""
pass
def __abs__(self):"""x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)"""
pass
def __add__(self, y):"""x.__add__(y) <==> x+y"""
pass
def __coerce__(self, y):"""x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)"""
pass
def __divmod__(self, y):"""x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)"""
pass
def __div__(self, y):"""x.__div__(y) <==> x/y"""
pass
def __eq__(self, y):"""x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y"""
pass
def __float__(self):"""x.__float__() <==> float(x)"""
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y):"""x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y"""
pass
def __format__(self, format_spec):"""float.__format__(format_spec) -> string
Formats the float according to format_spec."""
return ""
def __getattribute__(self, name):"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __getformat__(self, typestr):"""float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string
You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be
used in Python's test suite.
typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. This function returns whichever of
'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the
format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr."""
return ""
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
pass
def __ge__(self, y):"""x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y"""
pass
def __gt__(self, y):"""x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y"""
pass
def __hash__(self):"""x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)"""
pass
def __init__(self, x):pass
def __int__(self):"""x.__int__() <==> int(x)"""
pass
def __le__(self, y):"""x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y"""
pass
def __long__(self):"""x.__long__() <==> long(x)"""
pass
def __lt__(self, y):"""x.__lt__(y) <==> x
pass
def __mod__(self, y):"""x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y"""
pass
def __mul__(self, y):"""x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y"""
pass
def __neg__(self):"""x.__neg__() <==> -x"""
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __ne__(self, y):"""x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y"""
pass
def __nonzero__(self):"""x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0"""
pass
def __pos__(self):"""x.__pos__() <==> +x"""
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):"""x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""
pass
def __radd__(self, y):"""x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x"""
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):"""x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)"""
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):"""x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x"""
pass
def __repr__(self):"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):"""x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x"""
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):"""x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x"""
pass
def __rmul__(self, y):"""x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x"""
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):"""y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])"""
pass
def __rsub__(self, y):"""x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x"""
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):"""x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x"""
pass
def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt):"""float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None
You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be
used in Python's test suite.
typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. fmt must be one of 'unknown',
'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be
one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.
Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.
This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings."""
pass
def __str__(self):"""x.__str__() <==> str(x)"""
pass
def __sub__(self, y):"""x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y"""
pass
def __truediv__(self, y):"""x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y"""
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x."""
passimag= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""real= property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) #default
"""the real part of a complex number"""float
float
四、字符串：str 类源码分析
字符串如：'Hello World!' , "Hello Python!"
classstr(basestring):"""str(object='') -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object."""
defcapitalize(self):"""首字母变大写"""
"""S.capitalize() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized."""
return ""
def center(self, width, fillchar=None):"""内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无"""
"""S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)"""
return ""
def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):"""子序列个数"""
"""S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation."""
return0def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):"""解码"""
"""S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors."""
returnobject()def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):"""编码，针对unicode"""
"""S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors."""
returnobject()def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):"""是否以 xxx 结束"""
"""S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try."""
returnFalsedef expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):"""将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格"""
"""S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed."""
return ""
def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):"""寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1"""
"""S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure."""
return0def format(*args, **kwargs): #known special case of str.format
"""字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说"""
"""S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}')."""
pass
def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):"""子序列位置，如果没找到，报错"""S.index(sub [,start [,end]])->int
Like S.find() butraise ValueError when the substring is notfound."""return 0
def isalnum(self):""" 是否是字母和数字 """
"""S.isalnum()->bool
Return Trueif all characters inS are alphanumericand there is at least one character inS, False otherwise."""return False
def isalpha(self):""" 是否是字母 """
"""S.isalpha()->bool
Return Trueif all characters inS are alphabeticand there is at least one character inS, False otherwise."""return False
def isdigit(self):""" 是否是数字 """
"""S.isdigit()->bool
Return Trueif all characters inS are digitsand there is at least one character inS, False otherwise."""return False
def islower(self):""" 是否小写 """
"""S.islower()->bool
Return Trueif all cased characters in S are lowercase and there isat least one cased characterinS, False otherwise."""return False
def isspace(self):"""S.isspace()->bool
Return Trueif all characters inS are whitespaceand there is at least one character inS, False otherwise."""return False
def istitle(self):"""S.istitle()->bool
Return Trueif S is a titlecased string and there isat least one
characterinS, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
charactersandlowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise."""return False
def isupper(self):"""S.isupper()->bool
Return Trueif all cased characters in S are uppercase and there isat least one cased characterinS, False otherwise."""return False
def join(self, iterable):""" 连接 """
"""S.join(iterable)->string
Return a string whichis the concatenation of the strings inthe
iterable. The separator between elementsisS."""return ""
def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):""" 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
"""S.ljust(width[, fillchar])->string
Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding isdone using the specified fill character (defaultisa space)."""return ""
def lower(self):""" 变小写 """
"""S.lower()->string
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase."""return ""
def lstrip(self, chars=None):""" 移除左侧空白 """
"""S.lstrip([chars])-> string orunicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If charsis given and not None, remove characters inchars instead.
If charsisunicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping"""return ""
def partition(self, sep):""" 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
"""S.partition(sep)->(head, sep, tail)
Searchfor the separator sep in S, and returnthe part before it,
the separator itself,and the part after it. If the separator is notfound,return S andtwo empty strings."""pass
def replace(self, old, new, count=None):""" 替换 """
"""S.replace(old, new[, count])->string
Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument countisgiven, only the first count occurrences are replaced."""return ""
def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):"""S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]])->int
Return the highest indexin S where substring sub isfound,
such that subiscontained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments startand end are interpreted as inslice notation.
Return-1on failure."""return 0
def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):"""S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]])->int
Like S.rfind() butraise ValueError when the substring is notfound."""return 0
def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):"""S.rjust(width[, fillchar])->string
Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding isdone using the specified fill character (defaultisa space)"""return ""
def rpartition(self, sep):"""S.rpartition(sep)->(head, sep, tail)
Searchfor the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and returnthe part before it, the separator itself,andthe part after it. If the
separatoris not found, return two empty strings andS."""pass
def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):"""S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]])->list of strings
Return a list of the wordsinthe string S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the stringandworking
to the front. If maxsplitisgiven, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sepis not specified or isNone, any whitespace stringisa separator."""return []
def rstrip(self, chars=None):"""S.rstrip([chars])-> string orunicode
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If charsis given and not None, remove characters inchars instead.
If charsisunicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping"""return ""
def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):""" 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
"""S.split([sep [,maxsplit]])->list of strings
Return a list of the wordsinthe string S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplitisgiven, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sepis not specified or isNone, any
whitespace stringis a separator andempty strings are removedfromthe result."""return []
def splitlines(self, keepends=False):""" 根据换行分割 """
"""S.splitlines(keepends=False) ->list of strings
Return a list of the linesinS, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks arenot included inthe resulting list unless keependsis given andtrue."""return []
def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):""" 是否起始 """
"""S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])->bool
Return TrueifS starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings totry."""return False
def strip(self, chars=None):""" 移除两段空白 """
"""S.strip([chars])-> string orunicode
Return a copy of the string S with leadingandtrailing
whitespace removed.
If charsis given and not None, remove characters inchars instead.
If charsisunicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping"""return ""
def swapcase(self):""" 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
"""S.swapcase()->string
Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
converted to lowercaseandvice versa."""return ""
def title(self):"""S.title()->string
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase."""return ""
def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):"""转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
intab= "aeiou"outtab= "12345"trantab=maketrans(intab, outtab)
str= "this is string example....wow!!!"
print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')"""
"""S.translate(table [,deletechars])->string
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurringin the optional argument deletechars are removed, andthe
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length256 orNone.
If the table argumentis None, no translation is applied andthe operation simply removes the charactersindeletechars."""return ""
def upper(self):"""S.upper()->string
Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase."""return ""
def zfill(self, width):"""方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
"""S.zfill(width)->string
Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string Sisnever truncated."""return ""
def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __add__(self, y):""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """pass
def __contains__(self, y):""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """pass
def __eq__(self, y):""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """pass
def __format__(self, format_spec):"""S.__format__(format_spec) ->string
Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec."""return ""
def __getattribute__(self, name):""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """pass
def __getitem__(self, y):""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j):"""x.__getslice__(i, j) <==>x[i:j]
Use of negative indicesis notsupported."""pass
def __ge__(self, y):""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """pass
def __gt__(self, y):""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """pass
def __hash__(self):""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """pass
def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__"""str(object='') ->string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argumentis a string, the return value isthe same object.#(copied from class doc)
"""pass
def __len__(self):""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """pass
def __le__(self, y):""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """pass
def __lt__(self, y):""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x
def __mod__(self, y):""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """pass
def __mul__(self, n):""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """pass
def __ne__(self, y):""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """pass
def __repr__(self):""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """pass
def __rmod__(self, y):""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """pass
def __rmul__(self, n):""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """pass
def __sizeof__(self):""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """pass
def __str__(self):""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """pass
str
str
字符串在任何一门语言中，都是重点。程序处理字符串的情况，是最为频繁的，以下具体实例分析加深理解
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
s1 = " Hello word! "
print(dir(s1))
使用dir() 输出对象所拥有的所有成员，如下：
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_formatter_field_name_split', '_formatter_parser', 'capitalize', 'center', 'count', 'decode', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdigit', 'islower', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
使用help() 查询函数使用文档，如
>>> help(s1.capitalize)
Help on built-in function capitalize:
capitalize(...)
S.capitalize() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized.
根据帮助信息可知，S.capitalize() 返回一个字符串类型，是原字符串的一个拷贝，其中首字母改变为大写。
>>> s1="hello,world"
>>> s1.capitalize()
'Hello,world'
使用同样的学习分析方法，分析字符串其他内置函数的使用。
S.join(iterable) -> string ： 返回一个字符串类型，用S将一个可迭代对象拼接成一个字符串
>>> alist=["Hello","world"]
>>> " ".join(alist)
'Hello world'
>>> "&".join(alist)
'Hello&world'
>>> "-".join(alist)
'Hello-world'
S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)：分割一个字符串，返回一个元组(前，中，后)
>>> s1="http://www.baidu.com"
>>> s1.partition("//")
('http:', '//', 'www.baidu.com')
>>>
S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings ：分割一个字符串，返回一个列表
>>> s1="http://www.baidu.com"
>>> s1.split("//")
['http:', 'www.baidu.com']
S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings：根据换行分割，返回一个列表
>>> s1="Hello \n Dear Milton"
>>> s1.split()
['Hello', 'Dear', 'Milton']
>>> s1.splitlines()
['Hello ', ' Dear Milton']
>>>
S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode ：移除字符串两端空白字符
>>> s1=" Hello,world! "
>>> s1.strip()
'Hello,world!'
>>>
S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string : 替换字符
>>> s1
'Hello \n Dear Milton'
>>> s1.replace("Milton","Cherish")
'Hello \n Dear Cherish'
>>>
五、列表：list 类源码分析
列表如：["Hello","Python"] , [1,2,3]
classlist(object):"""list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items"""
def append(self, p_object): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.append(object) -- append object to end"""
pass
def count(self, value): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value"""
return0def extend(self, iterable): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable"""
pass
def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""
return0def insert(self, index, p_object): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index"""
pass
def pop(self, index=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range."""
pass
def remove(self, value): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""
pass
def reverse(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*"""
pass
def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1"""
pass
def __add__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__add__(y) <==> x+y"""
pass
def __contains__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x"""
pass
def __delitem__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]"""
pass
def __delslice__(self, i, j): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported."""
pass
def __eq__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y"""
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]"""
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported."""
pass
def __ge__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y"""
pass
def __gt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y"""
pass
def __iadd__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y"""
pass
def __imul__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y"""
pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): #known special case of list.__init__
"""list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
# (copied from class doc)"""
pass
def __iter__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)"""
pass
def __len__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__len__() <==> len(x)"""
pass
def __le__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y"""
pass
def __lt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__lt__(y) <==> x
pass
def __mul__(self, n): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n"""
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __ne__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y"""
pass
def __repr__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __reversed__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list"""
pass
def __rmul__(self, n): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x"""
pass
def __setitem__(self, i, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y"""
pass
def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
Use of negative indices is not supported."""
pass
def __sizeof__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes"""
pass
__hash__ =None
list
list
list列表实例：
>>> alist=["I","Love","Cherish"]
>>> alist.append("Forever")
>>> alist
['I', 'Love', 'Cherish', 'Forever']
>>> alist.pop()
'Forever'
>>> alist
['I', 'Love', 'Cherish']
>>> alist.extend(["forever","and","always"])
>>> alist
['I', 'Love', 'Cherish', 'forever', 'and', 'always']
>>> alist.count("and")
1
>>> alist.index("and")
4
>>> alist.insert(3,"Yangp")
>>> alist
['I', 'Love', 'Cherish', 'Yangp', 'forever', 'and', 'always']
>>> alist.remove("always")
>>> alist
['I', 'Love', 'Cherish', 'Yangp', 'forever', 'and']
>>> blist=[1,3,2,0,5]
>>> blist.sort()
>>> blist
[0, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> blist.reverse()
>>> blist
[5, 3, 2, 1, 0]
>>>
六、元组：tuple 类源码分析
元组如：("Hello",""World") , (1,2,3)
classtuple(object):"""tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object."""
def count(self, value): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value"""
return0def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""
return0def __add__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__add__(y) <==> x+y"""
pass
def __contains__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x"""
pass
def __eq__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y"""
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]"""
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported."""
pass
def __ge__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y"""
pass
def __gt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y"""
pass
def __hash__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)"""
pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): #known special case of tuple.__init__
"""tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)"""
pass
def __iter__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)"""
pass
def __len__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__len__() <==> len(x)"""
pass
def __le__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y"""
pass
def __lt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__lt__(y) <==> x
pass
def __mul__(self, n): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n"""
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __ne__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y"""
pass
def __repr__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __rmul__(self, n): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x"""
pass
def __sizeof__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes"""
passtuple
tuple
由于元组是不可修改类型，相比列表，它所拥有的方法少了很多。
>>> t1=("Hello","World","Hello")
>>> dir(t1)
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__',
'__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__
lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__
', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index']
>>> t1=("Hello","World","Hello")
>>> t1.count("Hello")
2
>>> t1.index("World")
1
七、字典：dict 类源码分析
字典如: {'name':'Milton','age':28}
字典是无序的key-value键值对，不能通过顺序(索引)取值，可以通过key获得对应的value值。
classdict(object):"""dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)"""
def clear(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""清除内容"""
"""D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D."""
pass
def copy(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""浅拷贝"""
"""D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D"""
pass@staticmethod#known case
def fromkeys(S, v=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
v defaults to None."""
pass
def get(self, k, d=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""根据key获取值，d是默认值"""
"""D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None."""
pass
def has_key(self, k): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""是否有key"""
"""D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False"""
returnFalsedef items(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""所有项的列表形式"""
"""D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples"""
return[]def iteritems(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""项可迭代"""
"""D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D"""
pass
def iterkeys(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""key可迭代"""
"""D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D"""
pass
def itervalues(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""value可迭代"""
"""D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D"""
pass
def keys(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""所有的key列表"""
"""D.keys() -> list of D's keys"""
return[]def pop(self, k, d=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""获取并在字典中移除"""
"""D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised"""
pass
def popitem(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""获取并在字典中移除"""
"""D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty."""
pass
def setdefault(self, k, d=None): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改"""
"""D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D"""
pass
def update(self, E=None, **F): #known special case of dict.update
"""更新
{'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
[('name','sbsbsb'),]"""
"""D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]"""
pass
def values(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""所有的值"""
"""D.values() -> list of D's values"""
return[]def viewitems(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中"""
"""D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items"""
pass
def viewkeys(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys"""
pass
def viewvalues(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values"""
pass
def __cmp__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)"""
pass
def __contains__(self, k): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False"""
returnFalsedef __delitem__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]"""
pass
def __eq__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y"""
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]"""
pass
def __ge__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y"""
pass
def __gt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y"""
pass
def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): #known special case of dict.__init__
"""dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
# (copied from class doc)"""
pass
def __iter__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)"""
pass
def __len__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__len__() <==> len(x)"""
pass
def __le__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y"""
pass
def __lt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__lt__(y) <==> x
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __ne__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y"""
pass
def __repr__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __setitem__(self, i, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y"""
pass
def __sizeof__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes"""
pass
__hash__ =None
dict
dict
创建字典方式有：
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d2=dict()
>>> d3=dict(name='Cherish',age=18)
>>> d1
{'age': 28, 'name': 'Milton'}
>>> d2
{}
>>> d3
{'age': 18, 'name': 'Cherish'}
>>>
dict 字典内置函数有：
>>> dir(d1)
['__class__', '__cmp__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__',
etattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__
_new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subcl
ok__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'has_key', 'items', 'iteritems', 'iterkeys', 'itervalues', 'keys', 'pop'
pitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values', 'viewitems', 'viewkeys', 'viewvalues']
>>>
dict 字典实例：
D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. 清除字典所有内容
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1
{'age': 28, 'name': 'Milton'}
>>> d1.clear()
>>> d1
{}
D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D. 浅拷贝
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d2=d1.copy()
>>> d2
{'age': 28, 'name': 'Milton'}
D.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v. 创建新字典，新字典以S字典的keys作为新字典的keys，values值为v，v默认为None
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> dict.fromkeys(d1)
{'age': None, 'name': None}
>>> dict.fromkeys(d1,10)
{'age': 10, 'name': 10}
>>> dict.fromkeys(d1,["v1","v2"])
{'age': ['v1', 'v2'], 'name': ['v1', 'v2']}
>>>
D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. 根据key获取值，d是默认值
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1.get("name")
'Milton'
>>> d1.get("sex")
>>> d1.get("sex","F")
'F'
>>>
D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False. 判断字典中是否存在key k，如果存在返回True，否则返回False
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1.has_key("name")
True
>>> d1.has_key("sex")
False
>>>
D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples. 返回一个列表，列表中每一个元素是原字典中的key，value组成的元组对
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1.items()
[('age', 28), ('name', 'Milton')]
>>>
D.keys() -> list of D's keys. 返回一个列表，列表中的元素是原字典中的keys
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1.keys()
['age', 'name']
>>>
D.values() -> list of D's values. 返回一个列表，列表中的元素是原字典的values
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1.values()
[28, 'Milton']
>>>
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. 从字典中删除指定key，同时返回该key的值
>>> d1={'name':'Milton','age':28}
>>> d1
{'age': 28, 'name': 'Milton'}
>>> d1.pop("age")
28
>>> d1
{'name': 'Milton'}
八、set集合：set 类源码分析
set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合
classset(object):"""set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements."""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""添加"""
"""Add an element to a set.
This has no effect if the element is already present."""
pass
def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Remove all elements from this set."""
pass
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Return a shallow copy of a set."""
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)"""
pass
def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素"""
"""Remove all elements of another set from this set."""
pass
def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""移除元素"""
"""Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing."""
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""取交集，新创建一个set"""
"""Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.)"""
pass
def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""取交集，修改原来set"""
"""Update a set with the intersection of itself and another."""
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""如果没有交集，返回true"""
"""Return True if two sets have a null intersection."""
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""是否是子集"""
"""Report whether another set contains this set."""
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""是否是父集"""
"""Report whether this set contains another set."""
pass
def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""移除"""
"""Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty."""
pass
def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""移除"""
"""Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError."""
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""差集，创建新对象"""
"""Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)"""
pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""差集，改变原来"""
"""Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another."""
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""并集"""
"""Return the union of sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)"""
pass
def update(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""更新"""
"""Update a set with the union of itself and others."""
pass
def __and__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__and__(y) <==> x&y"""
pass
def __cmp__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)"""
pass
def __contains__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x."""
pass
def __eq__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y"""
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name"""
pass
def __ge__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y"""
pass
def __gt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y"""
pass
def __iand__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y"""
pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): #known special case of set.__init__
"""set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
# (copied from class doc)"""
pass
def __ior__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y"""
pass
def __isub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y"""
pass
def __iter__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)"""
pass
def __ixor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y"""
pass
def __len__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__len__() <==> len(x)"""
pass
def __le__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y"""
pass
def __lt__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__lt__(y) <==> x
pass@staticmethod#known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T"""
pass
def __ne__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y"""
pass
def __or__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__or__(y) <==> x|y"""
pass
def __rand__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x"""
pass
def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): #real signature unknown
"""Return state information for pickling."""
pass
def __repr__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
pass
def __ror__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x"""
pass
def __rsub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x"""
pass
def __rxor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x"""
pass
def __sizeof__(self): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes"""
pass
def __sub__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y"""
pass
def __xor__(self, y): #real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y"""
pass
__hash__ =None
set
set
python2中，set集合如：set(['a','b','c','d',1,2,3])
>>> s1=set()
>>> s1
set([])
>>> s2=set(["a","b","c","d",1,2,3])
>>> s2
set(['a', 1, 'c', 'b', 'd', 2, 3])
>>> s3=set("abcd123")
>>> s3
set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd', '1', '3', '2'])
python3中，set集合如：{'a','b','c','d',1,2,3}
>>> s1=set()
>>> s1
set()
>>> s2=set(['a','b','c','d',1,2,3])
>>> s2
{1, 'd', 2, 'a', 3, 'c', 'b'}
>>> s3={'a','b','c','d',1,2,3}
>>> s3
{1, 2, 3, 'd', 'a', 'c', 'b'}
>>> type(s3)
set 实例：
add() -> Add an element to a set. 添加元素
>>> s1=set()
>>> s1
set([])
>>> s1.add("a")
>>> s1
set(['a'])
clear() -> Remove all elements from this set.清空set集合
>>> s1
set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> s1.clear()
>>> s1
set([])
difference() ->Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. 如 s1.difference(s2)， 返回一个新的集合，新集合中的元素在s1中，不在s2中。
difference_update() -> Remove all elements of another set from this set. 如s1.difference(s2),直接在s1集合中，删除同时存在s2中的那部分元素。
>>> s1=set(["a","b","c","d"])
>>> s1
set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> s2=set(["c","d",1,2])
>>> s2
set([1, 'c', 2, 'd'])
>>> s1.difference(s2)
set(['a', 'b'])
>>> s1
set(['a','c','b','d'])
>>> s1.difference_update(s2)
>>> s1
set(['a','b'])
discard() -> Remove an element from a set if it is a member. 删除set集合中的元素
>>> s1
set(['a', 'b'])
>>> s1.discard('a')
>>> s1
set(['b'])
intersection() -> Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set. 如 s1.intersection(s2), 取交集，新创建一个set
intersection_update() -> Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.如 s1.intersection(s2), 取交集,修改原来set
>>> s1=set(["a","b","c","d"])
>>> s2=set(["c","d",1,2])
>>> s1.intersection(s2)
set(['c', 'd'])
>>> s1
set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> s1.intersection_update(s2)
>>> s1
set(['c', 'd'])
symmetric_difference() -> Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 差集，创建新对象
symmetric_difference_update()-> Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.差集，修改原集合
>>> s1=set(["a","b","c","d"])
>>> s2=set(["c","d",1,2])
>>> s1.symmetric_difference(s2)
set(['a', 1, 2, 'b'])
>>> s1
set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> s1.symmetric_difference_update(s2)
>>> s1
set(['a', 1, 2, 'b'])
union() -> Return the union of sets as a new set. 返回两个集合的并集
>>> s1=set(["a","b","c","d"])
>>> s2=set(["c","d",1,2])
>>> s1.union(s2)
set(['a', 1, 'c', 'b', 'd', 2])
update() -> Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新集合，如s1.update(s2),将s2中的内容更新到s1中
>>> s1=set(["a","b","c","d"])
>>> s2=set(["c","d",1,2])
>>> s1.update(s2)
>>> s1
set(['a', 1, 'c', 'b', 'd', 2])
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