原标题:获取有关 Linux shell 内置命令的帮助 | Linux 中国
Linux 内置命令属于用户 shell 的一部分,本文将告诉你如何识别它们并获取使用它们的帮助。
-- Sandra Henry-stocker
Linux 内置命令是内置于 shell 中的命令,很像内置于墙中的书架。与标准 Linux 命令存储在 /usr/bin 中的方式不同,你不会找到它们的独立文件,你可能使用过相当多的内置命令,但你不会感觉到它们与 和 等命令有何不同。
内置命令与其他 Linux 命令一样使用,它们可能要比不属于 shell 的类似命令运行得快一些。Bash 内置命令包括 、 和 等。
正如你担心的那样,因为内置命令是特定于 shell 的,所以它们不会提供手册页。使用 来查看 ,你会看到这样的东西:
$manbg
Nomanual entryforbg
判断内置命令的另一个提示是当你使用 which 命令来识别命令的来源时,Bash 不会响应,表示没有与内置命令关联的文件:
$ which bg
$
另一方面,如果你的 shell 是 /bin/zsh,你可能会得到一个更有启发性的响应:
%which bg
bg:shell built-incommand
bash 提供了额外的帮助信息,但它是通过使用 命令实现的:
$ help bg
bg:bg[job_spec...]
Movejobs to the background.
Placethe jobs identified by each JOB_SPECinthe background,asifthey
had been startedwith`&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion
of the current job is used.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.
如果你想要查看 bash 提供的所有内置命令的列表,使用 命令。通过管道将命令输出到列中,以获得较好格式的清单。
$ compgen-b|column
.compgenexitletreturntypeset
:completeexportlocalsetulimit
[compoptfalselogout shift umask
aliascontinuefc mapfile shopt unalias
bgdeclarefg popd sourceunset
bind dirs getoptsprintfsuspend wait
breakdisown hash pushdtest
builtinechohelppwdtimes
callerenable history read trap
cdevaljobs readarraytrue
commandexeckillreadonly type
如果你使用 命令,你将看到一个内置命令列表以及简短描述。但是,这个列表被截断了(以 命令结尾):
$ help
GNUbash,version5.0.3(1)-release(x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
Theseshell commands aredefinedinternally.Type`help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use`info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man-k' or `info'tofindoutmoreabout commandsnotinthislist.
A star(*)nextto a name means that the commandisdisabled.
job_spec[&]history[-c][-d offset][n]orhisto>
((expression))ifCOMMANDS;thenCOMMANDS;[elifCO>
.filename[arguments]jobs[-lnprs][jobspec...]orjobs->
:kill[-s sigspec|-n signum|-sigsp>
[arg...]let arg[arg...]
[[expression]]local[option]name[=value]...
alias[-p][name[=value]...]logout[n]
bg[job_spec...]mapfile[-d delim][-n count][-O ori>
bind[-lpsvPSVX][-m keymap][-f filen>popd[-n][+N|-N]
break[n]printf[-vvar]format[arguments]
builtin[shell-builtin[arg...]]pushd[-n][+N|-N|dir]
caller[expr]pwd[-LP]
caseWORDin[PATTERN[|PATTERN]...)>read[-ers][-aarray][-d delim][-i>
cd[-L|[-P[-e]][-@]][dir]readarray[-d delim][-n count][-O o>
command[-pVv]command[arg...]readonly[-aAf][name[=value]...]or>
compgen[-abcdefgjksuv][-o option][->return[n]
complete[-abcdefgjksuv][-pr][-DEI]>select NAME[inWORDS...;]doCOMMA>
compopt[-o|+o option][-DEI][name..>set[-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP][-o option-n>
continue[n]shift[n]
coproc[NAME]command[redirections]shopt[-pqsu][-o][optname...]
declare[-aAfFgilnrtux][-p][name[=va>source filename[arguments]
dirs[-clpv][+N][-N]suspend[-f]
disown[-h][-ar][jobspec...|pid.<p>'> test [expr]
echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [nam> times
eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argumen> true
exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or exp> typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=va>
false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [li>
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or> umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS> unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMAND> until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
function name { COMMANDS ; } or name (> variables - Names and meanings of som>
getopts optstring name [arg] wait [-fn] [id ...]
hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name .> while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
从上面的清单中可以看出, 命令本身就是内置的。
你可以通过向 命令提供你感兴趣的内置命令名称来获取关于它们的更多信息,例如 :
$ help dirs
dirs:dirs[-clpv][+N][-N]
Displaydirectory stack.
Displaythelistof currently remembered directories.Directories
findtheir way onto thelistwiththe`pushd' command; you can get
back up through the list with the `popd' command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.
内置命令提供了每个 shell 的大部分功能。你使用的任何 shell 都有一些内置命令,但是如何获取这些内置命令的信息可能因 shell 而异。例如,对于 ,你可以使用 命令获得其内置命令的描述。
$manzshbuiltins
ZSHBUILTINS(1)GeneralCommandsManualZSHBUILTINS(1)
NAME
zshbuiltins-zsh built-incommands
SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
Someshell builtin commands take optionsasdescribedinindividual en‐
tries;these are often referred tointhelistbelowas`flags' to avoid
confusion with shell options, which may also have an effect on the behav‐
iour of builtin commands. In this introductory section, `option' always
has the meaning of an option to a command that should be familiar to most
command line users.
…
在这个冗长的手册页中,你将找到一个内置命令列表,其中包含有用的描述,如下摘录中所示:
bg[job...]
job...&
Puteach specified jobinthe background,orthe current jobif
noneisspecified.
bindkey
Seethe section`Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).
break [ n ]
Exit from an enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat loop.
If an arithmetic expression n is specified, then break n levels
instead of just one.
最后
Linux 内置命令对于每个 shell 都很重要,它的操作类似特定于 shell 的命令一样。如果你经常使用不同的 shell,并注意到你经常使用的某些命令似乎不存在或者不能按预期工作,那么它可能是你使用的其他 shell 之一中的内置命令。
作者: 选题: 译者: 校对:
本文由 原创编译, 荣誉推出返回搜狐,查看更多
责任编辑: