最开始使用spring框架的时候,对于其配置文件xml,只是网上得知其使用方法,而不明其意。最近想着寻根问底的探究一下。以下是本文主要内容:

1、配置文件示例。

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1.  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  

2.  <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"        

3.      xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"     

4.      xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"  

5.      xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"  

6.      xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"  

7.      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"              

8.      xsi:schemaLocation="                                               

9.              http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans    

10.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd    

11.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/context     

12.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd    

13.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc    

14.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd  

15.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx   

16.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd  

17.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop  

18.             http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd "  

19.     default-autowire="byName">  

20. </beans>  

面是我们最常用的applicationContext.xml的配置文件的最开始部分,很多时候我们只是知道这些必须添加,但为什么,添加哪些都不甚清 楚。我们知道spring在启动的时候会验证 xml文档,这些引入的schema即用来验证配置文件的xml文档语法的正确性。下面先来看看如何验证xml文档验证的相关知识。

2xmlschema约束

先来说说xml文档的schema约束,它定义了xml文档的结构,内容和语法,包括元素和属性、关系的结构以及数据类型等等。有以下几点需要遵循:

1 、所有的标签和属性都需要Schema来定义。(schema本身由w3c来定义)。

2)、所有的schema文件都需要以个ID,这里我们称之为 namespace,其值时一个url,通常是这个xmlxsd文件的地址。

3)、namespace值由 targetNamespace属性来指定

4)、引入一个schema约束,使用属性xmlns,属性值即为对应schema文件的命名空间 nameSpace

5)、如果引入的schemaw3c组织定义的,必须指定schema文件的位置,schema文件的位置由 schemaLocation来指定。

6)、引入多个schema文件需要使用 别名。别名形式如下: xmlns:alias

3、对于上述配置文件的详细解读

1)、 声明默认的名称空间(xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans")

2)、 声明XML Schema实例名称空间(http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance),并将xsi前缀与该名称空间绑定, 这样模式处理器就可以识别xsi:schemaLocation属性。XML Schema实例名称空间的前缀通常使用xsi

3)、 使 用xsi:schemaLocation属性指定名称空间(http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans) 和模式位置(http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd)相关。 XML Schema推荐标准中指出,xsi:schemaLocation属性可以在实例中的任何元素上使用,而不一定是根元素,不 过,xsi:schemaLocation属性必须出现在它要验证的任何元素和属性之前。

4)、使用别名引入多个schema文件。如上述 xmlns:mvc 、xmlns:tx 、xmlns:context等等。

4、使用带版本号的xsd文件有何弊端?

首先来看看Spring是如何验证xml文档的。Spring默认在启动时是要加载XSD文件来验证xml文件的,所以如果有的时候断网了,或 者一些开源软件切换域名,那么就很容易碰到应用启动不了,为了防止这种情况,Spring提供了一种机制,默认从本地加载XSD文件。打开spring- context-4.1.2.RELEASE.jar,可以看到里面有两个特别的文件:

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spring.handlers如下:

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1.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context=org.springframework.context.config.ContextNamespaceHandler  

2.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee=org.springframework.ejb.config.JeeNamespaceHandler  

3.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang=org.springframework.scripting.config.LangNamespaceHandler  

4.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task=org.springframework.scheduling.config.TaskNamespaceHandler  

5.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/cache=org.springframework.cache.config.CacheNamespaceHandler  

spring.schemas如下:

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1.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-2.5.xsd  

2.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-3.0.xsd  

3.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-3.1.xsd  

4.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-3.2.xsd  

5.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.0.xsd  

6.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.1.xsd  

7.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.1.xsd  

8.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-2.0.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-2.0.xsd  

9.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-2.5.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-2.5.xsd  

10. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-3.0.xsd  

11. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-3.1.xsd  

12. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-3.2.xsd  

13. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-4.0.xsd  

14. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-4.1.xsd  

15. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-4.1.xsd  

16. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-2.0.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-2.0.xsd  

17. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-2.5.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-2.5.xsd  

18. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-3.0.xsd  

19. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-3.1.xsd  

20. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-3.2.xsd  

21. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-4.0.xsd  

22. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-4.1.xsd  

23. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-4.1.xsd  

24. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-3.0.xsd  

25. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-3.1.xsd  

26. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-3.2.xsd  

27. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-4.0.xsd  

28. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-4.1.xsd  

29. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-4.1.xsd  

30. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-3.1.xsd  

31. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-3.2.xsd  

32. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-4.0.xsd  

33. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-4.1.xsd  

34. http\://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-4.1.xsd  

再打开jar包里的org/springframework/context/config/ 目录,可以看到下面有

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很明显,可以想到Spring是把XSD文件放到本地了,再在spring.schemas里做了一个映射,优先从本地里加载XSD文件。并且 Spring很贴心,把旧版本的XSD文件也全放了。这样可以防止升级了Spring版本,而配置文件里用的还是旧版本的XSD文件,然后断网了,应用启 动不了。

从上述xml文档中可以看出,当没有配置版本号时,使用的即当前版本的xml schema文档。

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1.  http\://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.1.xsd  

 

上述即为对spring配置文档中的xml 文档验证的一部分说明,也是我在学习过程中所忽略的部分。文中有参考一些视频教程还有一篇博文 为什么在Spring的配置里,最好不要配置xsd文件的版本号