18 Ideas for Becoming a Master Student
想成为好学生的18点建议
Idea #1: Make sure you thoroughly understand the requirements of
each class, how it will be taught, and what will be expected of
you. Ask questions about the grading policies and for advice
on how best to prepare for class.
Idea #2: Become an active learner. Be prepared to work ideas
into your thinking by active reading, writing, speaking,
and listening.
二、成为一个积极的学习者。通过积极的读、写、说为你的思考准备必要的想法。
Idea #3: Think of each subject you study as a form of thinking. (If you
are in a history class, your goal should be to think historically;
in a chemistry class to think chemically; etc.)
三、对每一个课程的学习思考对当做一个种形式的思考（如果你在上历史课，你的目标应该
    是以历史角度考虑问题；化学上以化学角度考虑问题，等等）
Idea #4: Become a questioner. Engage yourself in lectures and
discussions by asking questions. If you don’t ask questions,
you will probably not discover what you do and do not know.
四、成为一个爱提问题的人。通过提问题的方式让自己参入到演讲和讨论中。
   如果你不提问题，那么你就很可能不清楚你哪里懂了哪里不懂。
Idea #5: Look for interconnections. The content in every class is
always a SYSTEM of interconnected ideas, never a random
list of things to memorize. Don’t memorize like a parrot.
Study like a detective, always relating new learning to
previous learning.
五、考察事物间的联系。任何课程的内容都是一个由相互联系的思想组成的系统，
   而不是一个仅仅需要记忆的东西的列表。不要象鹦鹉学舌一样得记忆。象侦探一样
   研究，总把新学的东西跟已学的东西联系起来。
Idea #6: Think of your instructor as your coach. Think of yourself as
a team member trying to practice the thinking exemplified by
your instructor. For example, in an algebra class, think of
yourself as going out for the algebra team and your teacher
as demonstrating how to prepare for the games (tests).
六、把你的导师当作你的教练。把自己想象为一个队中一员，正在尝试着练习你导师举例的
    思考活动。例如，在几何课，想象自己正参加几何队，你的老师正在示范怎样为这个游戏
    做准备。

Idea #7: Think about the textbook as the thinking of the author. Your
job is to think the thinking of the author. For example, role
play the author frequently. Explain the main points of the
text to another student, as if you were the author.
七、把课本当做作者的思想来考虑。你的工作是思考作者的思想。例如经常扮演成作者。
    就象你是作者一样，对别的同学解释文章的主要思想。
Idea #8: Consider class time as a time in which you PRACTICE
thinking (within the subject) using the fundamental concepts
and principles of the course. Don’t sit back passively, waiting
for knowledge to fall into your head like rain into a rain
barrel. It won't.
八、把课堂时间看作利用课程基本概念和原理锻炼思考的时间。不要被动靠后坐着，
等着知识象雨落入桶一样进入你的头脑中。不会的。
Idea #9: Relate content whenever possible to issues and problems
and practical situations in your life. If you can’t connect it to
life, you don’t know it.
九、只要可能就把知识与遇到问题和你生活时间的具体环境联系在一起。如果你不能把运用到
    生活中，那你就是没有弄懂它。
Idea #10: Figure out what study and learning skills you are not good at.
Practice those skills whenever possible. Recognizing and
correcting your weaknesses is a strength.
十、找出你所不擅长的学习技能。只要可能就练习这些技能。认识和弥补你的弱点是一种力量。
Idea #11: Frequently ask yourself: “Can I explain this to someone not
in class?” (If not, then you haven’t learned it well enough.)
十一、经常问自己：“我能给一个不上课的人讲清楚这个吗？”（如果不能，那你还没有学的足够好。）
Idea #12: Seek to find the key concept of the course during the first
couple of class meetings. For example, in a biology course,
try explaining what biology is in your own words. Then
relate that definition to each segment of what you learn
afterward. Fundamental ideas are the basis for all others.
十二、在开始几节课的时候，要找到这门课关键概念。例如，在一堂生物课上，尝试用
     你自己的语言解释什么是生物学。然后把这个定义联系到后来你学到的每一部分上。
     基础的概念是其他所有知识的基础。

Idea #13: Routinely ask questions to fill in the missing pieces in your
learning. Can you elaborate further on this? Can you give
an example of that? If you don’t have examples, you are not
connecting what you are learning to your life.
十三、经常通过问问题来弥补自己学习中的不足。你能进一步得详细阐述这个吗？你能给那个
     举一个例子吗？如果你没有例子，那你就没有把你所学的与你的生活联系起来。
Idea #14: Test yourself before you come to class by trying to summarize,
orally or in writing, the main points of the previous class
meeting. If you cannot summarize main points, you haven’t
learned them.
十四、在上课前，通过口头或者书面总结上一节课的要点来测试自己，如果你不能总结出来，
     那你还没有学会它们。
Idea #15: Learn to test your thinking using intellectual standards.
“Am I being clear? Accurate? Precise? Relevant? Logical?
Am I looking for what is most significant?”
十五、学会通过使用智力标准（这么翻译太牵强了吧？:)）来评估自己的思考。
     “我思考得清楚吗？正确吗？精确吗？有联系吗？符合逻辑吗？我是在考虑最有意义的东西吗？”
Idea #16: Use writing as a way to learn by writing summaries in your
own words of important points from the textbook or other
reading material. Make up test questions. Write out answers
to your own questions.
十六、使用写的方式来学习，把课本或者其他阅读材料上的总点，用自己的话总结下来。
     提出测试问题，写你自己问题的答案。
Idea #17: Frequently evaluate your listening. Are you actively listening
for main points? Can you summarize what your instructor is
saying in your own words? Can you elaborate what is meant
by key terms?
十七、经常评估你倾听的过程。你是在听要点吗？你能把你导师所说用自己的话
     总结出来吗？你能详细解释关键条目吗？
Idea #18: Frequently evaluate your reading. Are you reading the text
book actively? Are you asking questions as you read? Can
you distinguish what you understand from what you don’t?
十八、经常评估你阅读的过程。你是在积极地阅读吗？你阅读时提问题吗？你能区分哪些你理解了哪些不理解吗？