CBV和APIView流程

最新推荐文章于 2025-09-04 16:45:21 发布

转载最新推荐文章于 2025-09-04 16:45:21 发布 · 127 阅读

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原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/zgf-666/p/9199712.html

文章标签：

#c/c++ #python #json

本文介绍如何通过 Django REST framework 实现 RESTful API 的基本功能，包括安装配置、URL 设计、请求处理流程等，并对比了普通 View 和 APIView 的区别。

restframework安装

1.下载pip install djangorestframework
2.使用时：在INSTALLED_APPS加入"rest_framework"

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'app01.apps.App01Config',
    "rest_framework"
]

restful协议

url
一切皆资源
book / add
books
book / 1 / change
book / 1 / delete
在restful中：

books - ------get  ：查询所有书籍 - ------- 返回的查询的所有书籍
books - ------post ：添加一本书籍 - ------- 返回添加书籍
books / 1 - ------get  ：查看某本书籍 - ------- 返回这本书籍
books / 1 - ------put / patch ：编辑某本书籍 - ---返回编辑后的书籍
books / 1 - ------delete    ：删除某本书籍 - ---返回空

CBV流程解析

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^book/', views.BookView.as_view()),
    url(r'^book/(\d+)', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
]

请求走到url中，怎么执行的？

1.执行View中的as_view，返回结果view 
2.执行View中的view，返回结果self.dispatch，self为自定义的类的对象，自定义类中无dispatch方法
就执行View中的dispatch
3.执行View中的dispatch，利用反射执行对应的请求函数

class BookView(View):
    def get(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("get.........")
    def post(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("post........")

1.请求找到 url(r'^book/', views.BookView.as_view())这条路由，执行views.BookView.as_view()
views.BookView是我们在views中自定义的类，在这里调用了as_view，那么as_view应该是类中的属性或方法，
而自定义的类中没有as_view，应该去其父类中查找

去View中查找as_view，查看源码及进行分析

class View(object):
 @classonlymethod
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
        """
        Main entry point for a request-response process.
        """
        for key in initkwargs:
            if key in cls.http_method_names:
                raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
                                "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
                                % (key, cls.__name__))
            if not hasattr(cls, key):
                raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view "
                                "only accepts arguments that are already "
                                "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key))

        def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            self = cls(**initkwargs)
            if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
                self.head = self.get
            self.request = request
            self.args = args
            self.kwargs = kwargs
            return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
        view.view_class = cls
        view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs

        # take name and docstring from class
        update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=())
        # and possible attributes set by decorators
        # like csrf_exempt from dispatch
        update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=())
        return view

View Code

as_view是类方法，views.BookView.as_view()的结果是view
url(r'^book/', views.BookView.as_view()),相当于 url(r'^book/', view) 根据函数式路由猜测views应返回一个函数名
url(r'^book/', view) 一旦用户访问book  执行的是view(request)，view返回了什么，在页面上就应该显示什么

2.执行View中的view：
view的源码

def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            self = cls(**initkwargs)
            if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
                self.head = self.get
            self.request = request
            self.args = args
            self.kwargs = kwargs
            return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

view的执行结果是return self.dispatch(request),self是BookView的对象，去找dispatch方法，如果未定义，就去找父类View中的dispatch

3.View中的dispatch

def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
            handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed)
        else:
            handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
        return handler(request, *args, **kwargs)

所有的请求方式：http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']
当前请求在请求方式中的话，就利用反射调用请求方法
url(r'^books/', view), # 一旦用户访问books  执行的是view(request)======self.dispatch(request)========self.get(request)

1.BookView中无dispatch，执行View中的dispatch
如果是get/post请求，就执行BookView中的get/post

class BookView(View):
    def get(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("get.........")
    def post(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("post........")

2.BookView中有dispatch，则不再执行View中的dispatch

class BookView(View):
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print("dispatch......")
    def get(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("get.........")
    def post(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("post........")

无论是post还是get请求，均不会执行BookView中的get/post方法。因为BookView中有dispatch则不会执行
View中的dispatch。在BookView中dispatch没设置返回值，页面会报错，在服务器后端显示dispatch.......

3.即执行BookView中的dispatch又执行Views中的dispatch

class BookView(View):
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print("dispatch.......")
        ret=super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
        return  ret
    def get(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("get.........")
    def post(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("post........")

好处：可以添加额外的功能

APIview流程

1.执行APIView中的as_view，返回的结果super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)
2.执行View中的as_view，返回结果view 
3.执行View中的view，返回结果self.dispatch，self为自定义的类的对象，自定义类中无dispatch方法
就执行APIview中的dispatch
4.执行APIview中的dispatch，利用反射执行对应得请求函数，同时将原生得request进行封装

1.在url中设计两条路由：

url(r'^book/', views.BookView.as_view()),
url(r'^book/(\d+)', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
url(r'^book/', views.BookView.as_view())完成查询所有书籍和添加书籍的操作
url(r'^book/(\d+)', views.BookDetailView.as_view())完成查看某本书籍，编辑某本书籍和删除某本书籍的操作

2.使用APIView

from rest_framework.views import APIView
class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self,request):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.all()
        #将每个对象都取出来，放到列表中，序列化后返回
        temp=[]
        for obj in book_obj:
            temp.append({
                "pk":obj.pk,
                "title":obj.title
            })
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(temp))
    def post(self,request):
        return HttpResponse("post........")

1.在执行url时，执行views.BookView.as_view()， BookView中无as_view
去父类APIView中查找

class APIView(View):
    @classmethod
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
         if isinstance(getattr(cls, 'queryset', None), models.query.QuerySet):
            def force_evaluation():
                raise RuntimeError(
                    'Do not evaluate the `.queryset` attribute directly, '
                    'as the result will be cached and reused between requests. '
                    'Use `.all()` or call `.get_queryset()` instead.'
                )
            cls.queryset._fetch_all = force_evaluation
        view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)
        view.cls = cls
        view.initkwargs = initkwargs
        return csrf_exempt(view)

views.BookView.as_view()的结果是view，查看view

2. view的值是View中as_view的返回值
view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)

执行APIView父类View中as_view方法：

class View(object):
    @classmethod
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
      def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
        pass
        def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            self = cls(**initkwargs)
            if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
                self.head = self.get
            self.request = request
            self.args = args
            self.kwargs = kwargs
            return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
        view.view_class = cls
        view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs
        return view

3.执行View中的view方法，结果执行self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)，
BookView无dispatch方法，执行APIView中的dispatch方法

4. 执行APIView中的dispatch方法

class APIView(View):
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
     self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
        self.request = request
        self.headers = self.default_response_headers  # deprecate?
        try:
            self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)

            # Get the appropriate handler method
            if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
                handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(),
                                  self.http_method_not_allowed)
            else:
                handler = self.http_method_not_allowed

            response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs)
        except Exception as exc:
            response = self.handle_exception(exc)
        self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs)
        return self.response
try中的代码和View中dispatch的代码相同，均是利用反射执行对应的请求函数
class View(object):
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
            handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed)
        else:
            handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
        return handler(request, *args, **kwargs)