[转]bus error与segment error

博客主要分析了C程序中段错误和总线错误出现的原因。段错误通常是由于对NULL指针解引用或访问程序进程以外的内存空间;总线错误则可能是对错误的起始地址解引用,常因指针强制转换导致,具体情况还与操作系统有关。

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在c程序中,经常会遇到段错误(segment error)和总线错误(bus error),这两种问题出现的原因可能如下

  • 段错误:
    1. 对一个NULL指针解引用。
    2. 访问程序进程以外的内存空间。

  实际上,第一个原因可以规约到第二个原因,在一个c程序的虚拟内存空间中,从低地址到高地址一次是代码区,堆区(向上增长),栈区(向下增长),最上是常量区,其中NULL指针的位置正好是虚拟内存中地址为0的位置,而这个位置是不属于以上4个区域的,同理一些比较低的地址也不属于这四个区,所以造成段错误的原因是访问了程序虚拟内存空间4个区以外的地址,在平时的开发中,最大的可能还是对NULL进行了解引用。

  • 总线错误
    1. 对一个错误的起始地址进行解引用

  由于进程的虚拟内存空间实际上是对物理地址的一个映射,操作系统和编译器会用内存对齐来做优化,通常就是4字节对齐,所以int,float这种类型的起始地址都是4的倍数,而short的起始地址是2的倍数,double的起始地址是8的倍数,假如此时对一个不是4倍数的地址a进行解引用 (int *) a,就可能会出现总线错误,这个出现的情况还要具体看是哪一种操作系统。总线错误一般不会出现,出现的情况多半是使用了指针的强制转换。

  有了以上分析就能在遇到这些问题时有处理的思路了。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/wlzy/p/10547518.html

### RS485 to USB Communication Protocol Code Implementation and Detailed Explanation #### Overview of RS485 and USB Protocols RS485 is a standard defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. This interface standard uses differential signaling over twisted pair or multi-drop bus topologies, allowing multiple devices on one network segment. On the other hand, Universal Serial Bus (USB) provides a plug-and-play connection between computers and peripheral devices. For implementing an RS485-to-USB converter, hardware components like MAX485 chips are often utilized alongside microcontrollers programmed via environments such as Arduino IDE[^1]. #### Hardware Setup Description The setup typically involves connecting an RS485 transceiver module to a microcontroller board which has built-in USB capabilities or connects through another USB adapter. The wiring includes linking specific pins from each component according to their respective datasheets. #### Software Configuration Using Arduino IDE To configure software settings within Arduino IDE: 1. Install necessary libraries supporting RS485 communication. 2. Write sketches configuring baud rates matching connected equipment specifications. 3. Implement functions handling data transmission/reception logic including error checking mechanisms where applicable. Below shows how these principles can be applied when coding with Arduino IDE: ```cpp #include <SoftwareSerial.h> #define RXPin 7 // Pin receiving data from RS485 device #define TXPin 8 // Pin sending data to RS485 device #define RE_DE_Pin 2// Pin controlling direction of RS485 chip void setup() { pinMode(RE_DE_Pin, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(RE_DE_Pin, LOW); // Set low for receive mode SoftSerial mySerial(RXPin,TXPin); Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial port at 9600 bps mySerial.begin(9600); // Initialize softserial object also at 9600bps } void loop(){ if(Serial.available()>0){ String command=Serial.readString(); if(command=="SEND"){ digitalWrite(RE_DE_Pin,HIGH);// Change state to send mode delayMicroseconds(10); // Small pause before transmitting char buffer[]="Hello World!"; int length=strlen(buffer); while(length--){ mySerial.write(*buffer++); } digitalWrite(RE_DE_Pin,LOW); // Return back into listen only after done }else{ // Handle received messages here... } } } ``` This example demonstrates basic functionality but may require adjustments based upon actual project requirements.
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