oracle 视图 group by,ORACLE中的基本语法 SELECT CREATE Views group by 的使用...

########### Basic SQL SELECT ################

select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;

select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符

/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/

select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;

/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/

select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;

/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,

某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/

select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),

round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;

/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/

select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;

select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1

when '30' then column2*2.1

when '10' then column3/20

else column3

end as ttt

from table_name ; ------使用case函数

select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1

[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接

[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接

[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接

[JOIN table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |

[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;

##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################

alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column

alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。

alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列

rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表

comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息

create table table_name

(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),

constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件

alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键

/*建立外键*/

create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));

alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;

alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键

alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效

/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/

alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;

select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图

############## Create Views #####################

CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]

AS subquery

[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]

[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法

example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图

/*使用别名*/

Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;

/*创建复杂视图*/

Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;

/*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/

Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;

/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/

update view_name set col1=value1;

##########################增强的group by子句#########################

select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合

example:

/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);

/*复合rollup表达式*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));

/*混合rollup,cube表达式*/

select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);

/*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/

select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column];